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Description
Flashcards by Amira Smith, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Amira Smith
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Forensic science owes its origins to which individuals........ | Bertillon, Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Osborn and Locard. (developed the principles & techniques needed to identify or compare physical evidence). |
| What is Forensic? | 1. pertaining to, connected with, or used in courts of law or public discussion and debate. 2. adapted or suited to argumentation; rhetorical. |
| What is Forensic Science? | - application of science to criminal and civil laws. -emphasizes the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. -Adversarial System |
| The CSI Effect.. What were the four problems ? | 1. Unrealistic Timeline 2. Sample Collection 3. Personalized Crime Scene 4. Conclusion of evidence |
| The 3 Fold Effect on Juries of the CSI Effect: | 1. Translation of Scientific Testimony for Juries 2. Juries Expect Better Results Than May Be Available 3. Views on Proper Investigatory Procedure |
| Scientific | of a relating to the practice of science |
| Inquiry | a close examination of a matter in a search for information or truth |
| Scientific Inquiry | the ways in which scientists explore the natural word |
| Science | a way of learning about the natural world -includes all of the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world. -the knowledge base is always growing and changing as scientists ask new questions and explore new ideas |
| Summarize the Scientific Method.... | -Ask questions -Make observations / or influences -Develop hypothesis -Design experiments -Make measurements -Collect data -Interpret data -Draw conclusions -Communicate those conclusions |
| HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY WORK? | HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY WORK? |
| Ask questions.. | Scientific inquiry begins with a question or a problem |
| Make Observations and Inferences ... | -Observations: using one or more of your senses to collect data -Inference: an interpretation of an observation that is base on evidence or prior knowledge -Data: facts, figures & other evidence gathered through investigation |
| Making Inferences | this is only one of many possible interpretations of the observation. |
| Developing Hypothesis | -Hypothesis: a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question -a hypothesis must be something that can be tested -word as an IF....Then Statement -can be either supported or disproved |
| Designing an experiment to test a hypothesis | -after you state your hypothesis, you must design an experiment to test it |
| Experiment Variables | -Variable: factor that can change in an experiment -Manipulated (independent) variable: variable that is changed during ur experiment -Responding (dependent) variable: the factor that changes because of the manipulated variable |
| Controlled Experiment | an experiment in which all of the variables except for one remain the same. |
| Making Measurements and Collecting Data | -Scientists have developed a standard system of measurement called The International System of Units (SI) *why do scientists need a standard system of measurement? |
| Interpreting Data | After data is collected, the data has to be organized and interpreted *What are some ways to organize data so it is easy to understand? |
| Drawing Conlcusions | -After the data os organized and interpreted you must draw a conclusion *Does the data support your original hypothesis? |
| Communicating Findings | -Scientists must communicate their finding to other scientist to contribute to the growth of the body of scientific knowledge |
| Scientific Theory: | a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations -A theory is based on thousands of experiments done by different scientist -Future testing may prove a theory to be incorrect |
| What Makes Science "Forensic"? | An experiment result has no standing until it is disseminated to the rest of the scientific community -by publication in peer reviewed journals -allows for experiments to be repeated and results reproduced |
| What Makes Science "Forensic"? Continued...... | Data is generally not considered valid until it is reproduced by an independent source -a product of the scientific community, not individuals |
| Review of forensic experiments... | -another analyst in the laboratory -an analyst assisting opposing counsel -expert witnesses |
| Review is necessary | -to catch clerical errors -establish that conclusions are supported by data -limitations: time, personnel, budget, equipment |
| FORENSIC METHODS | FORESNIC METHODS |
| 1. State a hypothesis ( What is the question?) | I think the bullet found on the scene came from this gun found two blocks away- did it? -You must be mindful of bias when formulating your question. Bias can cause the wrong question to be asked. ex: how did OJ kill Nicole and Ron? versus did OJ kill Nicole and Ron? |
| 2. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis | -compare the bullet microscopically with other test bullets known to have been fired from the gun -the test bullets are the reference sample to which the crime scene bullet will be compared |
| 3. Make observations | -photograph the bullet under investigation and the reference bullets through a microscope -record the number of common features -how many common features -where are they located -a general impression that they were the same or were not the same is not acceptable |
| 4. Experiments Include Standards and Controls: | Controls: -samples for which the results are known -show that the experimental system is working properly -properly calibrating a microscope so that the two bullets forced from the same gun can be matched up Standards: -devices with which the results of an experiment can be measured |
| 5. Analyze and Interpret the data | -Once the data is collected, it must be analyzed Bullet comparison; Analysis-scrutinze the marks to determine if any difference between the questioned and known bullet are not relevant to the comparison |
| 6. Draw a conclusion | At the end of the experiment the data must be summarized. Then a statement of the meaning or the data in the context of the hypothesis must be made: -the number of similar marks are sufficient to declare that both bullets came from the same gun |
| 7. Define the next question | -Getting answers to some questions - Plan the next set of experiments -Remember, in forensic, both time and sample are limited -Often conclusions are drawn from only one experiment with limited data -Its important to understand the limits of the systems being employed |
| CONTRIBUTORS TO FORENSIC SCIENCE | CONTRIBUTORS TO FORENSIC SCIENCE |
| Mathieu Orfila a.k.a. MO | The father of forensic toxicology |
| Alphonse Bertillion a.k.a. Al B | Devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879 |
| Francis Galton a.k..a Frank | Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification |
| Leone Lates a.k.a LL | Developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains |
| Calvin Goddard a.k.a. Cal | Use a microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet |
| Albert Osborn a.k.a. Bert | Developed the fundamental principles of document examination |
| Walter McCrone a.k.a. Walt | Utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. |
| Hans Gross a.k.a Gross | Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation |
| Edmond Locard a.k.a Ed | Incorporated Gross' principles within a workable crime laboratory |
| Locard's Exchange Principle | States that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | Pre-700 BC; Fingerprints are used on clay tablets for business transaction in ancient Babylon. 287-212 BC; Archimedes talks about being able to prove the crown was not made of gold using density and buoyancy |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 250 BC; Erasistratus, an ancient Greek physician, discovers that his patients' pulse rates increase when they are telling lies. (Allegedly the first lie detection test). |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1135; Story of Sung Tzu and the blood sickle. A murder was committed using a sickle. All those who owned a sickle were made to bring them out and lay them in the sun. Eventually flies gathered on one particular sickle, identify it as the murder weapon |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1447; The missing teeth of the French Duke of Burgundy are used to identify remains. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1590; The first microscope developed by Zacharias Janseen of Holland |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1609; Francis Damelle publishes the first treatise on systematic document examination |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1686; Professor of anatomy Marcello Malpighi notes in his treatise the ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1732; Luigi Galvani discovered that the human nervous system transmits information electronically (lie detector) |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1807; Forensic Science Institute opened at the Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1810; In Germany, the first document use of question document analysis occurs. A chemical test for a particular ink dye is applied to a document known as the Konigin Hanschritt. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1813; Matthew Orfila publishes his toxicology book and is considered the father of toxicology |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1835; Henry Goddard of Scotland Yard first uses bullets comparison to catch a murderer. The comparison was based in a visible flaw in the bullet, traced back to a mold. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1836; Method for detection of arsenic poison developed by James Marsh of England (Marsh Test), the first use of toxicology in a jury trail. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1839; Dr. John Davy recounts experiments with dead soldiers using a mercury thermometer. One of the first attempts to determine time since death using body temperature. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1839; H. Baynard publishes the first reliable procedures for the microscope detection of sperm, and notes the different microscope characteristics of various different substrate fabrics. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1856; Sir William Herschel uses thumbprints on documents both as a substitute for written signature and to verify documents signatures. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1859; Spectroscopy was developed by Kirchoff and Bunson |
| DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE | 1864; Ode |
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