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Description
Flashcards by Katerina Petrova, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Katerina Petrova
over 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Phylum chordata | hagfishes; have a dorsal nerve cord not yet vertebrates |
| Hagfish | most primitive fish jawless |
| Subphylum: vertebrata | Lamprey; has a backbone |
| lamprey | most primitive vertebrate, jawless, some are parastitic |
| agnatha | primitive, jawless fishes contains hagfish and lampreys |
| class: chondrichthyes | cartilaginous fishes includes; chimaeras, sharks, skates, and rays |
| subclass: Elasmobranchii | sharks, skates, rays, cartilaginous |
| superclass: osteichthyes | bony fishes contains any fish with a bony skeleton |
| class: actinopterygii | ray-finned bony fishes contains most fishes |
| class: sarcopterygii | lobe-fined bony fishes contains; lungfish and coelacanths only 8 surviving fish; not that common |
| lungfish | gave rise to tetrapods humans closest relative breaths air; specialized respiratory system |
| coelacanths | lazarus species; living fossil were known only through fossils until 1938 |
| subclass: chondrostei | grouping of primitive bony fish with skeletons that are only partly ossified contains: bichirs, sturgeons, and paddlefish |
| subclass: neopterygii | contains bowfin and gar |
| bowfin | primitive fish sole surviving fish of entire order |
| gar | primitive bony fishes |
| infraclass; teleostei | advanced bony fishes contains most fish species |
| teleosts: order anguilliformes | "true eels" elongated body, catadromous ex. american eel |
| teleosts; order esociformes | elongated, torpedo-shaped body freshwater predators ex. pike |
| teleosts: order gadiformes | (cods) marine groundfish, important food fish 3 dorsal fins ex. atlantic cod |
| teleosts: family Salmonidae | salmon and trout adipose fin many are andromous ex. rainbow trout |
| teleosts: family cyprinidae | carps no stomachs ex. common carp |
| teleosts; family leuciscidae | true minnows no stomachs ex. FHM, creek chub |
| teleosts; family catostomadae | suckers ex. hogsucker |
| teleosts; famliy ictaluridae | n. american catfish barbels spines on dorsal and pectoral fins |
| teleosts; family moronidae | temperate basses freshwater, marine, or anadromous ex. striped bass |
| teleosts; family centrarchidae | sunfish and bass freshwater ex. bluegill, lmb |
| teleosts; family percidae | perches freshwater ex. yellow perch, walleye, darter |
| teleosts; family scaenidae | drums marine or freshwater ex. red drum and Atlantic croacker |
| teleosts; family cichlidae | cichlids divers, largely tropical group knonw for having evolved rapidly into diverse species in the African Great Lakes ex. nile tilapia |
| teleosts; fmaily scombridae | tuna and mackerel marine, active swimmers lunate tails ex. yellowfin tuna |
| family paralichthyidae | flounders marine both eyes on same side of head |
| family molidae | marine heaviest bony fish ex. mola mola (ocean sunfish) |
| taxonomy | |
| summary of major group characteristics | |
| Fusiform body shape (photo) | |
| Fusiform body shape | streamlined fish that has a pointed head and narrow caudal peduncle (back) -deepest/widest part is about 1/3 back from head -slightly compressed sides -fast swimming/cruising fish |
| compressiform (photo) | |
| compressiform | laterally flattened body shape -squeezed from teh sides -tall -most fish are this form |
| depressiform (photo) | |
| depressiform | dorso-ventrally flattened body shape -pancake fish -specialization for benthic feeding |
| anguiliform | eel-like body shape with a round cross-section -often a specialization for benthic life -not good at sustained swimming but good at hiding |
| globiform | a spherical shaped body (much like a globe) -not efficient swimming but very maneuverable -shape part of defense |
| scalation | scale size, number, and arrangement depend on the ecology of the fish |
| placoid | ancestral fish scales tiny tooth like structures sometimes called dermal denticles ex. elasmobranchs |
| ganoid | ancestral fish scales thick, jointed large diamond-shaped scales that don't overlap ex. gars |
| "naked" fish | no scales at all but protected by mucus |
| cycloid | leptoid fish scales round, flat, thin scales overlapping pretty good armor but fish is more flexible due to overlap ex. troug minows herrings |
| leptoid scales | the light, overlapping scales fo teleost fishes |
| Ctenoid | leptoid fish scales spiny-finned teleosts similar to cycloid scales but with small comb-like projections |
| scutes | not sclaes bony external plates not flexible, but provide armor-like protection -slow swimming fish |
| scales tell us about fish | fast fish don't have visible scales; don't need protection because they can swim away and scales would slow them down |
| Key functions of fins | propulsion, maneuvering, stabilization, courtship displays, protection, specialized functions (fanning eggs, digging) |
| Fin placement photo | |
| Ceratotrichia fins | stiff plate like features, no branching, no segmentation ex. Chondrichthyes (elasmobrachs) |
| Lepidotrichia fins (soft fin ray) | anchored to bones that project into fish; flexible, branching, segmented ex. bony fish |
| fine Spines (hard fin ray) | bony fish may have these hard and pointed, unsegmented and unbranched fin ray |
| Paired fins -pelvics | thoracic, jugular, abdominal |
| thoracic paired pelivic fins | directly below pectoral fins; help with manuevering |
| jugular paired pelvic fins | in front of pectoral fins |
| abdominal pelvic fins | fins somewhere behind pectoral fin; often used for stabilization |
| Paired fins - pectorals pt 1 | shape either elongated or broad, lots of variation and specialization -sharks use their pectorals to generate lift, some use it to glide |
| Paired fins - pectorals pt 1 | generally used for steering; could be used for propulsion elongated; high-speed maneuvering broad; quick turns and stability |
| Caudal fin - heterocercal | tail with longer upper lobe and shorter lower lobe |
| caudal fin - homocercal | tail in which the upper and lower lobes are externally symmetrical many different shapes (lunate, forked, rounded, square, and many intermediate forms |
| caudal fin - isocercal | lacks well-defined lobes (pretty much comes to a point) |
| caudal fin (photo) | |
| caudal fin shape tradeoff | more speed with greater forking (lunate the fastest) more acceleration and maneuverability with rounded tails |
| anal fin purpose | stability |
| adipose fin | fleshy dorsal appendage (on top of fish behind dorsal fin) most fish don't have this |
| caudal peduncle | the base of a fish’s tail |
| mouth placement | superior, terminal, inferior |
| superior mouth | on top of head good for fish foraging at surface |
| terminal mouth | at front of head good for fish chasing down prey in front of them |
| inferior mouth | at bottom of head good for bottom feeders |
| gill rakers | bony or cartilaginous arches within the mouth -structure can indicate diet |
| nares | nostrils |
| barbels | whiskery strucutres (fleshy) covered in smell receptors |
| ampullae | electroreceptors; can detect electric fields |
| axial skeleton | |
| appendicular skeleton | |
| vertebral elements | |
| myomeres | W shaped bundles of muscles that extend the length of the body |
| myosepta | connective tissue that vertically separates each myomere bundle |
| white muscle | burst swimming anaerobic |
| red muscle | sustained swimming/cruising aerobic lots of capillaries |
| anadromous | adults live in saltwater, but spawn in freshwater |
| catadromous | adults live in freshwater, but spawn in saltwater |
| abyssal zone | the deep sea floor |
| bathypelagic zone | the layer of the pelagic realm where no sunlight is present |
| epipelagic zone | teh top layer of the pelagic realm, where sunlight is present |
| fish | any swimming vertebrate with fins |
| hadopelagic zone | the deepest depths of the pelagic realm, in ocean trenches |
| hadal zone | the sea floor at the bottoms of ocean trenches |
| mesopelagic zone | the 'twilight' zone of the pelagic realm |
| neritic system | shallow-water environment near the coast |
| oceanic system | deep water environment away from the coast |
| pelagic realm | the water part of oceanic systems |
| ocean zones (photo) |
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