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| Question | Answer |
| characteristics of all seedless plants | 1. most are non-vascular 2. low growing 3. small in size 4. they like places high in moister |
| What are the two main characteristics of a seed plant? | 1. they reproduce with pollen and seeds 2. they have vascular tissue |
| Where do mosses grow? | 1. tree trunks or wet rocks |
| Where do liverwarts grow? | 1. moist rocks or moist soil |
| Where do hornwarts grow? | 1. under shade trees near the river or moist soil |
| What are plants that have vascular tissue called? | 1. vascular plants |
| How do seedless vascular plants reproduce? | 1. they reproduce with spores or sexual reproduction |
| What are the structures called that anchor a moss and absorb water and nutrients from the soil? | 1. rhizoids |
| What is a frond? | 1. the leaf of a fern |
| What does vascular tissue do for plants? | 1. transports water, food, and minerals through out the plants |
| What is the vascular tissue through which food moves? | 1. phloem |
| What are the vascular tissues called that transport water and minerals? | 1. xylem |
| Describe how the materials reach the stem and leaves? | 1. the materials enter the root's xylem and move up into the stems and leaves. |
| What are tiny structures that contain the cells that later become sperm cells called? | 1. pollen |
| What are cotyledons? | 1. the one or two seed leaves of the embryo |
| What is the outer covering of the seed called? | 1. the seed coat |
| Where does pollen deliver the sperm cells? | 1. directly near the eggs |
| What is the significance of having the sperm cells near the eggs? | 1. no water is needed for fertilization to occur |
| What are the structures that contain a young plant inside a protective covering called? | 1. seeds |
| What is inside a seed? | 1. a partially developed plant |
| If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, what happens? | 1. it sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow |
| What is a zygote? | 1. a fertilized egg |
| What are the 3 main parts of a seed? | 1. embryo 2. stored food 3. seed coat |
| What happens when a seed comes out of inactivity? | 1. it germinates and the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out the seed |
| Is a seed always active? | 1. no, it can remain inactive for a while |
| What are the three key functions of roots? | 1. anchor the plant into the ground 2. absorb water and minerals from the soil 3. sometimes store food |
| Where is the root cap and what does it do? | 1. it covers the tip of the root and protects the root from injury from rocks and the root grows through the soil |
| What are the two functions of the stem? | 1. support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun 2. carries substances between the plant's roots and leaves |
| What are the two types of stems? | 1. herbaceous 2. woody |
| In woody stems what is the layer of cells called that divides to produce new phloem and xylem? | 1. cambium |
| What is the process called where leaves capture the sun's energy and carry out the food making process? | 1. photosynthesis |
| Where are stomata located and what are their functions and what do they control? | 1. they are located on the surfaces of leaves 2. they open and close to control when gases enter and leave the leaf |
| What is the process by which water evaporates from the stomata in a plant's leaves called? | 1. transpiration |
| Why are the seeds of gymnosperms called 'naked?' | 1. because they are not enclosed in the fruit |
| Name two unique characteristics of angiosperms | 1. they have flowers 2. there fruits enclose the seeds |
| What do the male cones and the male parts of a flower produce? | 1. pollen |
| What do female cones and the female parts of a flower produce? | 1. egg, oveol, and the seed |
| Briefly describe the process of embryo formation in an angiosperm? | 1. the pollen gets the sperm cells near the eggs and when the conditions are favorable fertilization takes place and the zygote is formed the seeds contain a young plant inside a protective covering once the fertilization happens the embryo grows in the seed |
| What is the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm called? | 1. cone |
| What is the process of transferring of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure? | 1. pollinization |
| In angiosperms what is the ripened ovary called? | 1. fruit |
| Angiosperms that produce seeds with two seed leaves are called? | 1. dicots |
| What are the 3 groups of seedless vascular plants? | 1. club mosses 2. ferns 3. horsetails |
| What are 3 main groups of non-vascular plants? | 1. mosses 2. liverwarts 3. hornwarts |
| Since non-vascular plants live in moist, watery surroundings, what can their sperm cells do during reproduction? | they can swim to the egg cells |
| What are the structures that look like tiny leaves growing off the small stem that are the fuzzy green part of the moss called? | 1. the gametophyte |
| Describe what generates out of the gametophyte | 1. the sporophyte and it includes a long slender stalk with a capsule at the end |
| What does the capsule at the end of the sporophyte contain? | 1. spores |
| Describe what liverwarts look like growing on moist rocks | they look like a thick crust on a rock |
| Are hornwarts sporophytes? | 1. yes |
| What do hornwarts structures look like and they usually live in moist soil mixed with what? | 1. they grow horn like structures and are often mixed with grass plants |
| True or False/ Seedless, vascular plants have true stems, roots, and leaves | 1. true |
| Why can vascular plants grow quite tall? Give two reasons | 1. they have very effective transportation systems through out the plant 2. vascular tissue gives the plant strength and stability |
| In seedless vascular plants spores grow into gametophytes that produce egg cells and sperm cells. Why must there be water avalable to them? | 1. so that the sperm can swim towards the eggs |
| True or False/ Most ferns have above ground stems | 1. false |
| True or False/ In most ferns the leaves grow upward from the top of the stems, while roots grow downward from the bottom of the stems | 1. true |
| The leaves of ferns are called fronds. How does their upper surface help the plant retain water? | 1. the upper surface of each fron is coated with a cuticle |
| When you see a fern with its visible fronds what stage is the plant in? | 1. its in the sporophyte stage |
| How and where do the spores develop on the fronds of the ferns and what do the spores develop into? | 1. the spores are formed in tiny spore cases on the underside of the mature fronds the spores then develop into tiny gametophytes that grow low to the ground |
| There are two other groups of seedless vascular plants they are horsetails and club mosses. Why don't we study them more? | 1. because relatively few species of them are alive today |
| What are the 6 main groups of the plant kingdom? | 1. mosses 2. ferns 3. liverwarts 4. hornwarts 5. gymnosperms 6. angiosperms |
| Which of the 6 main plant groups have vascular tissue? | 1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms 3. Ferns |
| Which of the 6 main groups reproduces with seeds? | 1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms |
| Which plant group produces without pollinators? | 1. gymnosperms |
| Which of the 6 main plant groups reproduces with pollen and pollinators? | 1. angiosperms |
| In which main plant group do the seeds reside in cones? | 1. gymnosperms |
| In which main plant group do seeds reside in flowers? | 1. angiosperms |
| How are moss spores distributed? | 1. by the wind |
| How are gymnosperms seeds distributed? | 1. wind |
| What are the two main sub groups of angiosperms? | 1. monocots and dicots |
| What is the leaf venation in monocots? | 1. parallel |
| What is the leaf venation in dicots? | 1. netted |
| What is the function of the leaf venation in dicots? | 1. so they wont tear in either direction |
| What is the stem vascular tissue arrangement in monocots? | 1. scattered |
| What is the stem vascular tissue arrangement in dicots? | 1. ring |
| What is the root system description for monocots? | 1. fiberous |
| What is the root system description for dicots? | 1. tap |
| What is the flower structure for monocots? | 3's |
| What is the flower structure for dicots? | 4's and 5's |
| True or False/ Some seeds need to be chilled or past through an organism's digestive system to germinate. | 1. true |
| True or False/ Most seeds need water to germinate. | 1. true |
| Which main plant groups have a dominate plant form of gametophyte? | 1. mosses |
| In which main plant groups is the dominate plant form sporophyte? | 1. ferns 2. gymnosperms 3. angiosperms |
| True or False/ Moss reproduction requires water. | 1. true |
| True or False/ Gymnosperms reproduction requires water. | 1. false |
| True or False/ Angiosperms reproduction requires water. | 1. false |
| True or False/ Ferns reproduction requires water. | 1. true |
| What is the alternation of generations? | 1. when an organism has two reproductive forms, both sexual and a sexual, that it often alternates |
| What is a gametophyte? | 1. its a plant that reproduces by making sperm and egg (sexual) |
| What is a sporophyte? | 1. a plant that reproduces by making spores (asexual) |
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