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| Question | Answer |
| What is the goal in Euthyphro? | Socrates is looking for an objective definition of piety |
| What does Socrates consider a proper definition in the Euthyphro? | - Objective (same form in many instances) - No internal contradictions - Explain why things are the way they are |
| What is the premise of Apology? | Socrates is attempting to persuade the jury otherwise in a trial where if found guilty Socrates will either be expulsed or killed |
| What are the charges of the old accusers (OA)? | 1. Curiosity: questioning common held beliefs, looking at things above earth and in Heavens (natural science) 2. Sophism: makes worse argument stronger through rhetoric 3. Teaches these things to others |
| What are the charges of the new accusers (NA)? | 1. Corrupt youth: undermines common good 2. Does not believe in Gods of the city 3. Believes in other new spirit ("littlevoice"), kaina daimonia |
| Who are the new accusers? | 1. Anytus (politician) 2. Meletus (poet) 3. Lycon (orator) |
| What is the goal in Meno? | - What is virtue? - Can virtue be taught? - Is virtue possessed by practice or an inherent trait? |
| What is Meno's Paradox? | - If you know what you're looking for it is unnecessary to look for it - If you don't know what you're looking for it is impossible to inquire, as inquiring is either unnecessary or impossible |
| How is knowing meant in Meno's Paradox? | Knowing is used in 2 different ways: 1: Know all about it 2: Know anything about it Ex. 1: You know Socrates has a knowledge of X 2: You know X, what Socrates has knowledge of |
| What is the theory of recollection in Meno? | - Spirit is immortal - Learning is recollection (recollecting something you already know, the method of inquiry trigger you to remember) - You have an innate knowledge Ex. Slave boy needs to find double the area for a square, and through solving the problem he is recollecting |
| How is the difference between opinion vs. knowledge explained in Meno? | Knowledge: true opinion + justification Ex. Road to Larissa - have an idea of how to get there, get there - know where it is, get there *Only have true knowledge of you've been there before & know exactly how to get there *In certain situations opinion is just as good as knowledge *You cannot rely on physical knowledge |
| What is the premise of Phaedo? | Pheado is recounting his last conversation of Socrates with Simmias and Cebes before death |
| What is the argument of opposites in the Phaedo? | If you become something (alive), you came from something else (death) States: smaller vs. bigger weaker vs. stronger dead vs. alive |
| What is the problem with the argument of opposites in Phaedo? | - Not relative to something - Definite, not comparative *can't be deader, deadest, you're either dead or you're not Agree: soul survives death |
| What is Socrates' argument for recollection in Phaedo? | - When we percieve X, we think or Y, we collect the latter - 2 sticks in similar size appear equal, but can never be equal - Things strive to be equal but fall short of the Form 'Equal' - We had knowledge before born Agree: soul capacity & intelligence |
| What is Socrates' argument of the Forms in Phaedo? | Form: an eternal idea (concept) that exists indepently from us, is eternal and responsible for things having the qualities that they do. Ex. Equality, Beauty |
| What is Socrates' argument of affinity in Phaedo? | - Forms are X, Y, Z - Material objects are a,b,c (visible through sense, can change) - Soul is more like forms . : since forms are eternal, the soul is eternal |
| What are some objections to Socrates' argument of affinity in Phaedo? | Simmias: The soul is dependent on the body *Cebes: Long-lasting (soul worn out), causes of generation & destruction |
| What are the Fancy Causes in Phaedo? | Mechanical: not acceptable b/c we tend to connect thing w/ principles and not materials Teleological: (The) "Mind directs everything because "it is for the best", though this is not a good explanation as it doesn't explain why |
| What are the Plain Causes in Phaedo? | If something is X in virtue of participating in the Form X Ex. Helen is beautiful, Helen shares in Beauty |
| What are the counters to the argument of Forms? | - *Brings even 2: won't admit odd, if it does it no longer exists b/c it's not two anymore - Won't admit death (if it retreats, it admits it no longer exists) - The soul can never admit death since it is eternal (cannot disappear or perish) - The soul bring about life, cannot admit opposite, which is death |
| How is happiness defined in Nicomachean Ethics? | An activity of the soul in accord with virtue and with best and most complete virtue, if there are more virtues than one. Happiness directs fulfilment over your whole life. |
| How is virtue defined in Nicomachean Ethics? | A habit that decides consisting in a mean, the mean relative to us, defined by reference tp reason as the prudent would define it. |
| In Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle believes: | - most important is action - it is that you act well, not why you act - motivation not important, it's that you just do it (ex. child w/ manners) - all people in situation X should do Y to be happy |
| How does is the function of a human defined in Nicomachean Ethics? | An activity of soul that is accord w/ reason or requiring reason |
| What is defined as virtue of character in Nicomachean Ethics? | - not natural, naturally able to acquire them - habituation (how we complete virtues of X) - ex. courage, temperance |
| How is prudence defined in Nicomachean Ethics? | - state of grasping the truth, involving reason, concerned w/ action about things that are good and bad for human beings - deliberates finely about things - temperance preserves prudence - act accordingly in each situation |
| What are the four parts of the soul in Nicomachean Ethics? | 1. Rational/intellect (humans) 2. Locomotive (animal w/ motion) 3. Sensitive (animal) 4. Nutritive/reproductive (plants) |
| How is action defined in Nicomachean Ethics? | Action is composed of decision... Decision: - involves deliberation: only on things we can change, when outomes are unclear & right way to act is undefined - virtue & vice: only matters if there is a choice (take position & in our control) |
| What is Euthyphro's Dilema? | 1. pious because it is loved - being loved by the gods caused piety (X) 2. loved because pious - being pious causes love from the gods (√) => love is an accident if piety . . . |
| What are the three types of lives in Nicomachean Ethics? | 1. Pleasure 2. Honor 3. Contemplation |
| In Book I (1) happiness is in Nicomachean Ethics . . . | Both ethical and intellectual (moral and can be developed through habit, and |
| In Book X (10) happiness is in Nicomachean Ethics . . . | Soley intellectual (contemplation) Counter: One could argue that as humans we have a social and intellectual part, we are social animals and we have both and it is unrealistic to only gain happiness for intellectual all of the time, practically speaking Book 1's inclusive view makes more sense in our reality |
| In Nicomachean Ethics people can fit into six categories (except one of these)? | Beastial Vicious: ignorant of what is right, desires what is bad, acts accord to what is bad (nonvoluntary) Incontinent: Aristotle argues that this trait does not exist, knows what is good, ignorant of what is right, desires what is bad, acts in accord to what is bad Continent: knows what is good, desires what is bad, acts in accord to what is good Virtuous: knows what is good, desires what is good, acts in accord to what is good Superhuman |
| Define Meno's Paradox? | 80d “How will you look for it, Socrates, when you do not know at all what it is? How will you aim to search for something you do not know at all? If you should meet with it, how will you know that this is the thing that you did not know?” Counter: There are things that you can know and have a direction to follow but do not understand completely. (Ex. Socrates says that there are Forms and has evidence to support that, does not know all the forms, but that does not mean he does not have knowledge of the Forms) |
| Give an examples of major and minor premises | 1. Hector believes that he is killing Achilles, understanding the major premise, but missing the minor premise because he does not know that it is Patroclus dressed in Achilles' armor until later |
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