4158219
Flashcards by Haley Cordova, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Haley Cordova
over 5 years ago
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Description
| Question | Answer |
| What 3 groups is the lower extremity broken into? | Femur Tibia/Fibula Feet |
| How many bones are in the foot? | 26 |
| Which bones make up the longitudinal arches of the foot? | Metatarsals |
| The joints in the foot are classified as? | Synovial |
| The joints in the foot have _____________ mobility | Diarthrodial |
| What type of movement occurs at the interphalangeal joints? | Ginglymus/hinge |
| What type of movement occurs at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints? | Ellipsoidal/condyloid |
| What type of movement occurs at the tarsometatarsal joints? | Plane/gliding |
| What type of movement occurs at the intertarsal joints? | Plane/gliding |
| What type of movement occurs at the ankle joint? | Sellar (p. 219) |
| What is a common fracture site in the foot? | The tuberosity at the base of the 5th metatarsal |
| Sesamoid bones are almost always present on what bone in the foot? | First metatarsal |
| What is the largest and strongest tarsal bone? | Calcaneus |
| What bones does the calcaneus articulate with? | Talus and cuboid |
| What is the sustentaculum tali? | A projection of bone on the medial side f the calcaneus that supports ("sustains") the talus |
| What position of the foot best demonstrates the sinus tarsi? | Oblique foot |
| What 4 bones does the talus articulate with? | Tibia Fibula Calcaneus Navicular |
| What is another name for the talus? | Astragulus |
| What 4 bones does the navicular articulate with? | Talus and 3 cuneiforms |
| What 3 bones does the cuboid articulate with? | 4th metatarsal 5th metatarsal Calcaneus |
| What is the most lateral tarsal bone? | Cuboid |
| What do the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuneiforms articulate with respectively? | 1st cuneiform articulates with 1st metatarsal and navicular 2nd cuneiform: 2nd metatarsal and navicular 3rd cuneiform: 3rd metatarsal and navicular |
| What tarsal bones are seen on an oblique foot? | *Tuberosity of calcaneus* 2nd cuneiform Navicular Talus 3rd cuneiform Cuboid |
| What tarsal bones are seen on lateral foot? | *Calcaneus *Tuberosity of calcaneus Cuboid Superimposed cuneiforms Navicular Talus Subtalar joint |
| What position is the best to evaluate the longitudinal arches in the feet? | AP and Lateral Weight-bearing |
| What bones make up the transverse arch of the foot? | Cuneiforms and cuboid |
| What 3 bones form the ankle joint? | Talus Tibia Fibula |
| What is the mortise of the ankle joint? | Three-sided socket on tibia and fibula that talus fits into |
| Which malleolus of the ankle is more distal and posterior than the other? | Lateral malleolus |
| The "intermalleolar line" is ___° from the coronal plane because the lateral malleolus is more posterior | 15° |
| The tibial plateau slopes in which direction at what angle (how many degrees)? | Posteriorly 10-20° |
| Why might you need to angle the tube on an AP knee projection to demonstrate an open joint? | The tibial plateau slopes posteriorly 10-20° |
| What is the tibial tuberosity? | Prominence on anterior proximal tibia that serves as an attachment point for the patellar tendon |
| What is Osgood-Schlatter disease? | Stress on the patellar tendon causes the tibial tuberosity to separate |
| What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint? | Synovial Diarthrodial Plane/gliding |
| What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint? | Fibrous Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) |
| How much and in what direction should you angle the tube for an AP foot? | 10-15° posteriorly |
| Where do you put the CR for an AP toe? | On the MTP joint of interest |
| What will you see in a true AP position of the toes? | Open joints Both sides of phalanges are concave |
| How much do you rotate the foot for an oblique toe? | 35-40° |
| For a lateral or oblique position of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd toes, which way should the foot be rotated? | Medially |
| For a lateral or oblique position of the 4th and 5th toes, which way should the foot be rotated? | Laterally |
| Where do you put the CR for oblique toe? | MTP joint of interest |
| Where do you put the CR for a lateral toe? | 1st toe: IP joint 2nd-5th toes: PIP joint |
| If a foreign body is suspected, what should you do differently for an AP foot? | CR should be perpendicular to IR instead of angled 10-15° posteriorly |
| What will happen if you don't angle the tube for an AP foot? | You cannot see the joint spaces You should be able to see navicular, all 3 cuneiforms, cuboid, phalanges, and metatarsals |
| How much and in what direction do you rotate the foot for an oblique position? | 30-40° medially |
| What features should you see in a radiograph of an oblique foot? | Only the base of metatarsals 1 & 2 superimposed Tuberosity at base of 5th in profile Cuboid Sinus tarsi |
| How much and in what direction would you rotate the foot for a LATERAL OBLIQUE projection? | 30° laterally |
| What does the lateral oblique positioning of the foot show? | Navicular Medial cuneiform Space between 1st and 2nd cuneiforms |
| What should you see in a lateral foot radiograph? | Tuberosity at base of 5th in profile Tibiotalar joint open Metatarsals superimposed |
| What is the benefit of doing a lateromedial projection for a lateral foot? | Easier to achieve true lateral But is less comfortable for patient |
| How do you position for a sesamoid-tangential foot? | Patient prone Dorsiflex foot to form 15-20° angle Dorsiflex 1st toe and rest it on IR CR directed tangentially to posterior aspect of 1st MTP (skimming back of 1st MTP) |
| What will you see in a sesamoid tangential radiograph of the foot? | Sesamoids in profile, not superimposed |
| How much and in what direction do you angle the tube for a plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus? | 40° cephalic |
| Where should you put the CR for a plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus? | Base of 3rd metatarsal |
| In a plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus what will you see if there is no rotation? | Sustentaculum tali will be seen medially |
| How do you position for a dorsoplantar projection of the calcaneus? (Not in Bontrager's but is listed for ARRT) | Patient prone, foot dorsiflexed CR angled 40° caudad and directed to dorsal surface of ankle joint |
| How do you position for a mediolateral view of calcaneus? (Lateral calcaneus) | Foot dorsiflexed and in lateral position CR 1½" inferior to medial malleolus |
| What should you see in a radiograph of mediolateral calcaneus? | Calcaneus Talus Tibiotalar joint and sinus tarsi open |
| What joint spaces will be open in a radiograph of an AP ankle? | Only medial and superior mortise joint spaces will be open The distal tibiofibular joint will not be open |
| How do you position for a AP mortise ankle? | Do not dorsiflex 15-20° medial rotation so intermalleolar plane is parallel to IR CR midway between malleoli |
| What will you see in a mortise ankle radiograph? | All 3 surfaces of mortise joint will be open |
| What will you see in an oblique ankle radiograph? | Distal tibiofibular joint open Distal fibula free of superimposition |
| Where do you put the CR for a lateral ankle? | On medial malleolus |
| For a lateral ankle, a mediolateral projection is most common but what is the benefit of doing a lateromedial projection? | Easier to get true lateral But less comfortable for patient |
| What will you see in a radiograph of a lateral ankle? | Lateral malleolus superimposed with the posterior half of the tibia Tibiotalar joint open |
| Which projection of the ankle is usually done by a physician? | Stress projection (AP Ankle inversion-eversion) |
| How is the patient positioned in a stress projection of the ankle? | Similar to AP Calcaneus CR to mid malleoli Stress is applied to either invert or evert plantar surface |
| Why is a stress projection usually done? | To assess ligament tears |
| What will you see in a radiograph of AP lower leg? | Both tibiofibular joints included Slight superimposition of both tib/fib joints Femoral and tibial condyles in profile Intercondylar eminence should be centered to intercondylar fossa |
| How much should the knee be flexed for a lateral lower leg? | 45° |
| How can you tell if the leg is in a true lateral position? | Plane of patella is perpendicular to IR |
| What will you see in a radiograph of a lateral lower leg? | Tibial tuberosity in profile Distal fibula superimposed by posterior half of tibia |
| What is the patellar surface? (AKA intercondylar sulcus) | Smooth triangular surface on anterior distal femur |
| What happens to the patella when the knee is flexed? | It is drawn into the patellar surface (intercondylar sulcus) |
| What do the medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with? | Articular facets or tibial plateau of tibia |
| The medial femoral condyle is located 5-7° _______ to lateral femoral condyle | Distal |
| What will you see in a true lateral knee? | Medial and lateral femoral condyles will be superimposed |
| What will you see on a lateral knee radiograph if the knee is not in a true lateral position (over-rotated)? | Adductor tubercle Also medial and lateral femoral condyles will not be superimposed |
| What is the intercondylar fossa? | A deep notch between the femoral condyles |
| What two joints does the knee include? | Femorotibial joint (femoral condyles articulating with the tibial plateau) Patellofemoral joint (femoropatellar joint) |
| What type of movement occurs at the femorotibial joint? | Bicondylar |
| What type of movement occurs at the patellofemoral joint? | Sellar/saddle |
| Both knee joints are classified as ___________ and ____________ ? | Synovial Diarthrodial |
| What are the cruciate knee ligaments? | Ligaments that crisscross front to back connecting the tibia to the femur |
| What does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevent? | Anterior dislocation of the knee |
| What does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevent? | Posterior dislocation of the knee |
| What are the collateral knee ligaments? | Ligaments at the sides of the knee that prevent adduction and abduction |
| What bones does the medial collateral ligament connect? | The tibia to the femur |
| What bones does the lateral collateral ligament connect? | The fibula to the femur |
| What are menisci? | C-shaped discs between the tibia and femur that absorb shock in the knee joint |
| What type of cartilage are the menisci made of? | Fibrocartilage |
| What does the femoral head articulate with? | Acetabulum of pelvis |
| What forms the hip joint? | Head of femur articulating with acetabulum of pelvis |
| What is the depression on the head of the femur called? | Fovea capitis |
| What is the intertrochanteric crest? | Bony ridge between trochanters on the posterior femur |
| The line through the head and neck of the femur is angled ___________ to the body of the femur | Anteriorly |
| How much should the femur be rotated for an AP position? | 15-20° internally |
| Why do we rotate the femur for an AP position? | To make the femoral neck parallel to the IR Otherwise it will be angled |
| What structure is used to determine correct rotation of femurs for an AP view? | Lesser trochanter |
| For a true AP the lesser trochanter should be ? | Only slightly visible or not visible at all |
| What does it mean if you can see the lesser trochanter of the femur in a radiograph? | The femur is not in true AP, it needs to be rotated internally |
| Where does the CR go for an AP knee? | ½" distal to the apex of the patella |
| How much should you rotate the leg for an AP knee? | 3-5° medially |
| For AP knee, if ASIS is 18cm or less from tabletop, CR should be angled ____________? | 5° caudad |
| For AP knee, if ASIS is 19-24cm from tabletop CR should be angled ______________? | CR should not be angled Perpendicular to IR |
| For AP knee, if ASIS is 25cm or more from tabletop, CR should be angled _______ ? | 5° cephalad |
| What should be seen in a radiograph of an AP knee? | Intercondylar eminence centered to intercondylar fossa Portion of fibula superimposed with tibia Femoral and tibial condyles symmetrical Femorotibial joint space open |