psychology 2

Question	Answer
Explain why body language is important.	Body language accounts for up to 65% of our interactive communication. It’s our primary means of communication and is very important to our expression of needs, intentions, feelings and options. Body language will always be the most important one and the one that is easiest to understand.
Facial expressions	We gesture more with our face than any other part of our body. We are very aware of facial movements, even though we might not be able to understand them. The mouth and the eyes are the most expressive features in the face. Facial expression gives us vital information about a person’s mood or intentions (bad, good, sad, happy…). Different types of facial expressions are smiling, angry (black eyes), knitting eyebrows together and wrinkling the forehead.
Gestures	A Signal we can see in the form of a physical action. It is mostly about hands and arms.. When we’re alone we’re not as aware of our gestures, but when we’re with a couple of friends or in a larger group of people, we tend to become more conscious of our gestures. We usually extend our gestural range in response to others in the environment around us. Gestures underline what we’re saying.
Posture:	Postures are the different stances we have when we’re resting, relaxing, talking, walking or in other semi-static positions. There are a lot of variable postures displayed. The stance reflects on the occupation and/or emotion of the person. It will be influenced by a lot of different factors like social status, energy level, training and the demands that are regularly made on the body.
Mirroring	Mirroring is when we copy each other’s body language as a way of bonding, being accepted and creating rapport. We’re often oblivious to doing it.
pacing	Pacing is when you’re trying to copy another persons’ speed of talking or tone of voice. (Accents, language) Same thing as mirroring but regarding tone of voice.
rapport.	A rapport is a harmonious communication situation. Pacing and mirroring can create rapport
Describe the Social Learning theory using relevant terms and concepts.	: is an extended version of behaviourism, they consider the mind too. Social Learning Theory focuses on learning, as behaviourism, but they focus on indirect form of learning. How we can learn by imitating and observing others. We observe the behaviour of the models and notice the consequences it has for them and their environment. We learn without the need to perform the observed behaviours ourselves. There are four steps that are needed in order for us to learn. The first step is attention. - We need to pay attention to the model. The 2nd step is retention. - To be able to remember what was observed. The 3rd step is reproduction. – If one is physically able to reproduce the models behaviour or something similar to it- The last and 4th step is motivation. We need to be motivated in order for us to display the behaviour. It will not be used until its necessary. Self-efficacy is a part of motivation. If one thinks he/she is good at something, the person has a greater chance of do well/being motivated. Important concepts of SLT are Observational learning- The learning that occurs by observing others. It occurs spontaneously, without reinforcements. The models used often serve as indirect models. Meaning that they don’t know they’re being observed.
study made by Kubinyi	The aim is to demonstrate social learning in dogs. They did this (procedure) by letting 87 pet dogs watch their owners solve a task (pushing the handle of a box) to release a ball. The dog observed this 10 times each. The findings were that the groups of dog who watched their owners tended to reproduce the behaviour, while dogs that hadn’t, developed different strategies. From this they drew the conclusion that domestic dogs can use social learning to acquire new behaviours from their owners.
Describe the Bandura study and the link to social learning:	The aim of the study is to see if violent behaviour can be acquired through modelling and to see if children were more likely to imitate same-sex role models. In order to see this, they let children in the age of 3-6 years (36 boys, 36 girls) be assigned to three groups. Two groups were exposed to adult models who behaved in either aggressive or non-aggressive ways with half seeing a same-sex model. A control group did not see any model. In the non-aggressive condition, the model assembled tinker toys for 10 minutes: in the aggressive condition this lasted only one minute after which the model attacked the Bobo doll. The doll got punched in a lot of different ways and hit on the head with a mallet. This sequence was performed three times accompanied with aggressive comments such as “kick him”, and “pow”. The participants were then deliberately annoyed. They were shown to a room with attractive toys, but after being allowed to play for a little while, the children were told that these toys were for other children and were moved to another room containing arrange of toys including a Bobo doll. The children were then observed playing there for twenty minutes using a one-way mirror. The findings of this study was that children exposed to violent models imitated their exact behaviours and were significantly more aggressive (physically and verbally) than those who had a non-violent model. The effect was greater for boys than girls although girls were more likely to imitate verbal, and boys physical aggression. Boys were also more likely to imitate a same-sex model as, to a lesser extent, were girls. From this they drew the conclusion that observation and imitation can account for the learning of specific acts without reinforcement of either the model or observer. The children were more likely to do as same-sex models.
multi-store model of memory	It consists of the sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory. The sensory register is incoming information. It stores the memory for a fraction of time. Is raw, unprocessed and modality specific memories. It’s what we smell, see, hear, feel, taste and our balance. The short-term memory is things we’re thinking about right now, things we forget after a little while. It stores information for a few seconds and max 7 items at the time (FIFO). It stores them in acoustic form. Memories can be maintained through rehearsal. The long-term memory has unlimited capacity and the memoires from there can be recalled. The memories are held in semantic form. (Remember meaning rather than sound)
study multi-store model of	Remember words from a list
schemas	We have schemas for every aspect of the world. They consist of all the information we have that is related to that aspect. When remembering things from the long term memory, we activate the relevant schemas, and make use of the information in them to actively piece it together. Schemas and RMA are linked because both is about what happened when you take a memory from the long term memory and put it in the short time memory.
13. Describe the theory Reconstructive Memory Approach.	RMA is about retrieval of stored memories which involves an active process of reconstruction. When we try to recall something, we actively piece it together, using a range of information.
15. Describe one study linked to Reconstructive Memory Approach	The war of the ghost. They made the story more English and with less details who were unfamiliar with their own culture.
16. Explain Elizabeth Loftus theory about eyewitness testimonies.	She believed that you could not condemn someone to jail because of only eyewitness, because the memory is not reliably. There are several things the one who interview the eyewitness can do without purpose to make the eyewitness believe something that they didn’t see. Like misleading questions, Post-event information and memory conformity effect. Misleading questions are for example questions which include misleading and false information. “What color was the hat?” That question can make the eyewitness believe the criminal had a hat, even though he hadn’t. Post- event information is when eye witnesses can have information from the media, and believe they have actually seen it themselves. (RMA) Memory conformity effect are similar to post-event information, when witnesses hear each other’s stories, their stories tend to be more and more alike.
17. Describe one study linked to eyewitness testimony	PArt of film where car crashes. Barn.
Evaluate the SLT:	+ It can explain how we get behaviours from others through observation. And it can show how behaviour can be passed down, generation by generation. It can also help us understand the impact and possible effects of media violence. -It can be hard to measure since learned behaviours are not always performed immediately and cannot account for behaviours that have not been observed in a model.
Evaluate Multi-store model of memory	+Clear evidence from experiments and case studies of brain-damaged patients that there are separate systems of short- and long-term memory. -Though there are beliefs that there is more than one short-term system to handle different types of information -There is also evidence that material in ST is analysed for meaning and not just for sound. - Evidence that there are several separate stores for facts, events and skill.
Evaluate reconstructive memory:	+ Our memory is inaccurate, especially when we have a relevant schema. This suggest that memory involves a process of reconstruction using all available info. + Clear evidence that memories become more stereotyped after reproduction (because of schemas) supports that memory is reconstructive. - It’s a retrieval process and there are other important parts of memory. Like how we retrieve the information in the first place and the range of memory systems (like multi-store model)

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