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| Question | Answer |
| Dispersion Pattern Clumped (Aggregated) | Clumped together by food source or by social interactions or don't move far from where they were born |
| Uniform (Hyper-dispersed) | Competition? Negative social interactions? EX: The squirrels are very competitive they don't share. They fight over food. They have very negative interactions - they are selfish. EX: Lots of birds in a uniform pattern: sea gulls. If the babies wander they are eaten by the others. |
| Random: | Randomly distributed resources and no important interactions? EX: Throwing around squirrels they all land either close together or far apart from each other. EX: Random plant growth on a mountain side. |
| Net Reproductive Rate | Sum of total births per age group for all age groups |
| Carrying Capacity | Maximum number of individuals that can be supported by the environment |
| Semelparity | Favored when adult survival is much lower than juvenile |
| Iteroparity | (Seasonal) |
| Iteroparity (Continuous) | Favored when adult survival is greater than Juvenile Survival |
| Somatic Function | e.g. adult survival and growth |
| Reproductive Function | e.g. Making babies, feeding them, protecting them, sending them to college etc. |
| R - Selected Species: | • Large Number of offspring • Little Parental Care • Fast Growth • Low Competitive Ability • High Mortality Rate |
| K Selected Species: | • Fewer Offspring at once • Higher Parental Care • Slow Growth • Higher Competitive Ability • Lower Mortality Rate |
| Population Regulating Factors: Density - Independent Regulating Factors: | - Effects on birth and death rates independent of population density - Often abiotic - Ex. Natural Disasters, Unpredictable |
| Density - dependent regulating factors | - Effects on birth rates or death rates proportioned to population density - Negative feedback of density on population growth rate - Often biotic - Ex. Diseases, Pathogens, Parasites, Competition (more intense, effect more of the population negatively) |
| Inverse Density - Dependent Factors | - Decreased mortality with increased population growth - Less percentage of total prey killed if lots of prey and set number of predators - This could lead to positive feedback and instability if not limited in scope - Ex. Reindeer (Island) or Blue Whales. Best Examples are populations well below carrying capacity (reintroduced, endangered, etc.) ones that it would help to have more of the same species amount |
| Sample: | Select a sample from an underlying population |
| Population: | A group of one type of species from which samples are taken |
| Exploitation | ( + , --): predation, parasitism (most common interaction on the planet), parasitoidism, herbivory, |
| Mutulism | ++ |
| Commensalism | ( + , 0 ) |
| Competition | ( -- , -- ) |
| Symbiosis: | An interaction in which two organisms have a particularly close association Eg. Parasitism, parasitoidism, mutualism, and commensalism |
| Herbivory: | Smaller predators do much more damage to plants than bigger animals |
| Cryptic Coloration | (Camouflage) color patterns that blend into the background, disrupt the organism's outline thus making it harder to detect. Helps prey "hide in plain sight". EX. Cryptic Coloration: Katydids, moth on tree Figure 57.9: Pygmy Seahorse |
| Aposematic (Warning) coloration | Bright, contrasting color patterns that make the organism more conspicuous. Usually associated with toxicity, poisonous stings or bites. EX: Poison Dart Frog, Blue Poison Arrow Frog |
| Batesian Mimicry | mimicry of appearance and behavior of toxic species by non toxic ones ex. mimicry of Coral snakes by king snakes |
| Mullerian minicry | Convergent evolution of appearance and behavior by sevral toxic species ex. Monarch and Viceroy Butterflies |
| "Aggressive" Mimicry | Mimicry of item that attract prey eg. angler fishes, predatory fireflies etc. |
| Parasitoidism: | insects that lay eggs on living hosts |
| Coevolution | When species are evolving in tandem |
| Allelopathic: | producing chemicals to thwart the growth and development of other species. |
| Interference (“contest”) competition | each species expends energy to actively interfere with competitors to deny them access to scarce resources |
| Resource (also called “exploitative” or “scramble”) competition | species completely by locating scarce resources first and using them up as quickly as possible. |
| The Ecological Niche | An organism's 'role' in the community |
| Fundamental Niche | the range of resources theoretically usable by an organism, on the basis of its morphology and physiology. |
| Realized (sometimes called actual) Niche | the range of resources actually used by an organism |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | two species that depend upon the same limited resource cannot coexist indefinitely |
| Resource Partitioning | reduction of resource use overlap by competing species, either by specializing on different habitats or by specializing on different resources themselves. |
| Character displacement: | evolutionary divergence in characteristics of two or more competing species, such that each is a better competitor in part of their shared "fundamental niche hyperspace" The intensity of competition between them is thereby reduced. Ex. The beaks of humming birds (Short and Long guilds: eating necter from short or long plants) |
| Community | • It is made up of organisms that occupy different niches • It includes the various interactions among species we have already examined • It has a specific structure - How many species are present in a community, which ones they are, how similar they are to one another, etc. • It includes various food webs |
| evapotranspiration | a measure of the rate of photosynthesis in plants |
| Net Primary Productivity | Measure of the bottom of the food chain |
| Primary Succession | community change starting from nearly abiotic states - glacier, volcanic activity, strip mining etc. |
| Secondary Succession | community change following a major disturbance of a pre existing community - hurricane, fire etc. |
| Ecosystem Structure | Biotic and Abiotic components: numbers diversity climate regime, physical features, etc. |
| Ecosystem Function | Enery Flow (unidirectional) and Nutrient Cycling (always put back into the system to be used again, Return rates vary for each element etc. |
| Ecosystem: | The biological community and the physical environment, and their interactions in a defined (though often sizeable) area. |
| Primary Production | energy captured from an abiotic source: (usually the sun), and stored in chemical bonds (usually in carbs), by organisms (usually green plants) via complex biochemical reactions (usually photosynthesis) |
| Gross Primary Productivity | Rate at which energy is captured from an abiotic source by producers. Measured by kJ/m2/yr. |
| Biogeochemical Cycles | Nitrogen, Water, Phosphorus etc. Movement of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Involve biological, chemical, geological, and meteorological phenomena. |
| Eutrophication | • Overgrowth of algae due to overabundance of nutrients • Water becomes cloudy • Algae eventually die and sink • Bacteria population boom using algae as food source • Bacterial deplete water of oxygen • Animal populations decline |
| Nitrification: | fixed nitrogen is converted to nitrate by other bacteria |
| Denitrification | returns nitrogen to atmosphere |
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