4352261
| Question | Answer |
| Energy Rubric | 1. Identify at least 2 traits 2. Identify the matter and its state 3. describe the transformation 4. find the location of energy 5. describe transfer of energy 6. describe mechanisms |
| Design Challenge | 1. identify problem 2. determine success 3. identify solution options 4. evaluate solutions 5. choose solutions |
| Hydrophobic | Does not make hydrogen bonds with water, non polar |
| Hydrophillic | Will form hydrogen bonds with water, polar |
| Functional Group | group responsible for characteristics |
| Acid | Low pKa, low pH, donates H+ |
| Base | High pH, donates OH- |
| Carbohydrate | made of carbon and OH has H and OH on each side |
| Lipid | Long chain of hydrocarbons, non polar |
| Glycosidic bond | Bond between a carbohydrate and another molecule |
| fatty acid | 3 hydrocarbons and a polar carboxyl group |
| triglyceride | fat molecule with polar head and non polar tail head = glycerol tail=3 hydrocarbons |
| micelle | formed by phospholipids hydrophobic tail on inside |
| enthalpy | total energy |
| entropy | number of ways to arrange something disorder |
| N terminus | charged nitrogen side of protein always on right |
| C terminus | charged carboxyl side of protein always on left |
| Protein | amino group, carboxyl group, R group N-C-C-N-C-C |
| primary structure of protein | sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure of protein | Hydrogen bonds between backbone alpha helix or beta sheet |
| tertiary structure of protein | 3D structure, all bonds used R groups are bonding |
| quartenary structure of protein | subunits form a new protein all bonds present between R groups |
| Nucleotide | Nitrogenous base, Phosphate group, ribose/5-carbon sugar |
| oxidation | lose e- |
| reduction | gain e- |
| reduction potential (E) | likeliness to gain e-, positive E is good |
| deltaE= | Eacceptor-Edonor |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | the total amount of energy is constant |
| 2nd law of Thermodynamics | entropy is always increasing |
| e | negative deltaG, spontaneous |
| endergonic | positive deltaG, non spontaneous |
| transition state | maximum free energy, highly unstable |
| power | rate that energy is used |
| anabolic | build new molecules, store energy |
| catabolic | release energy |
| enzyme | catalyst for biochemical reactions |
| active site | where substrate bonds to enzyme |
| induced fit | initial interaction causes change in shape |
| competitive inhibitor | molecule competes with substrate for active site they are similar shape |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | molecule binds to another place on enzyme and blocks the active site |
| allosteric inhibition | inhibitor binds and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes it harder for the substrate to bind |
| allosteric activator | binds to the enzyme and changes the shape to help the substrate bind |
| cofactor | inorganic ions |
| coenzyme | organic molecule |
| phosphorylation | condensation of phosphate groups onto an AMP, endergonic |
| dephosphorylation | exergonic, takes away a phosphate group |
| glycolysis | occurs in cytoplasm one glucose makes 2 pyruvate 2 NADH and 4 ATP |
| thioester bond | occurs in enzymes and couples reactions |
| Kreb's Cycle Citric Acid Cycle TCA Cycle | mitochondria 2 pyruvate make 2 ATP, and energy, and CO2 as waste light dependent |
| Electron Transport Chain | mitochondria membrane make ATP |
| Fermentation | anaerobic makes NAD+ from NADH |
| phospholipid | hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail |
| substrate level phosphorylation | glycolysis and kreb's cycle P removed from intermediate and added to ADP |
| CoEnzyme A | krebs cycle, forms thioster bond to help with reactions |
| oxidative phosphorylation | does not require oxygen terminal electron acceptor in electron transport chain, then H+ go though ATP synthase |
| ETC | electrons enter, couple the acceptor being reduced (exergonic) with pumping protons |
| aerobic | oxygen is final electron acceptor |
| anaerobic | final electron acceptor is not oxygen (maybe NO3-) |
| chemiosmosis | process of making ATP |
| quinone | lipids that are soluble in membrane and shuttle electrons between complexes |
| ferredoxins | soluble in chloroplasts |
| carotenoid | photosynthetic pigment that disposes of excess energy |
| chlorophyll-a | performs photochemistry by getting excited and losing electron to ETC |
| chlorophyll-b | accessory pigment |
| cytochrome complex | between PSII and PSI, form ETC |
| light harvesting complex | passes energy from sunlight to reaction center in photosystem. has antenna proteins |
| P680 | reaction center of PSII |
| P700 | reaction center of PSI |
| PSI | in thylakoid membranes, transports electrons to NADP+ |
| PSII | transports electrons from water, oxygen is produced |
| calvin cycle | light independent reaction. convert CO2 to carbs using ATP and NADPH |
| photosynthesis | creation of a carbohydrate from CO2 |
| autotroph | source of C is inorganic |
| heterotroph | source of C is organic |
| lithotroph | source of electrons is inorganic |
| organotroph | source of electrons in organic |
| phototroph | source of energy is light |
| chemotroph | source of energy is chemical bonds |
| nucleus | Holds the chromatids |
| cytosol | makes up the cytoplasm. |
| flagella | help propell a cell forward |
| pilli | help the cell attach to things |
| mitochondria | have their own DNA, powerhouse |
| peroxisomes | break down detoxify make peroxide |
| vacuole | in plants, act as the lysosome |
| microfilament | directional a track of the movement of myosin ex. actin |
| intermediate filament | purely structural ex. keratin |
| microtubules | polymers made of alpha-tubulin or beta-tubulin directional track for vesicles, pull chromosomes |
| flagella | long, hairlike help move cell |
| cilia | short hairlike move cell or stuff on surface of cell |
| dynein | uses ATP to carry vesicle along microtubule + to - end retrograde transport |
| kineisins | walk vesicles - to + end anterograde transport |
| passive transport | exergonic |
| active transport | endergonic |
| diffusion | passive transport high to low concentration |
| facilitated transport | proteins help high to low concentration |
| aquaporins | allow water to pass at fast rate |
| transport protein | provide barrier |
| carrier protein | binding changes shape to allow it through |
| hypotonic | water will enter cell |
| hypertonic | water will leave cell |
| isotonic | same concentrations |
| primary active transport | directly requires ATP |
| secondary active transport | does not directly require ATP |
| uniporter | carries specific ion/molecule |
| symporter | carries 2 different things in the same direction |
| antiporter | carries two different things in opposite directions |
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