446704
Description
Flashcards by devon_layman, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by devon_layman
almost 13 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| the cell | the basic unit of life - all things are made up of this |
| 1. cellular organization 2. metabolism 3. homeostasis 4. growth and reproduction 5. Heredity 6. respond to stimuli | the six things that make all living organisms |
| DNA is made up of? | Nucleotides |
| Proteins made up of? | Amino acids |
| Who used streptococcus pnemoniae? | Frederick Griffith (1928) |
| What was injected into mice? | Rough Strain Smooth strain |
| Who determined the transforming factor to be in DNA? | (1944) Oswald Avery and colleagues |
| who used a bacteriophage? | Alfred Hershey/ Martha Chase (1952) |
| What did Pheobus Levine contribute to the structure of DNA? | Figured out that DNA is made of nucleotides |
| what are nucleotides? | 5 carbon sugar (ribose) with an a phosphate group (PO4) and then nitrogen containing a base. |
| what are the four nitrogen bases? | (A) adenine (G) Guanine (C) Cytosine (T) Thyminne |
| What did Erwin Chargoff contribute to the structure of DNA? | He determined that there were equal proportions of the nitrogen bases. |
| What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the structure of DNA? | She used and x-ray crystallography to see what DNA looks like. |
| What did Franklin find from the X-ray? | DNA is Helical has repeating measurements 2nm, 3.4nm, .34nm |
| Who where the ones to figure out the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| DNA is helical which means? | double strands of nucleotides wrapped around each other |
| what bonds bind the DNA together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| which nitrogen bases bond with each other? | Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine |
| what nitrogen bases are purines? | Adenine & Guanine which make triple bonds |
| what nitrogen bases are pyrimidines? | Thymine & Cytosine with double bonds |
| what is the diameter of DNA? | 2 nm |
| what is the distance between bases pairs in DNA | .34nm |
| how many base pairs re in one helical turn? | 10 bases |
| From what end to to what end is DNA read? | 5' to 3' |
| DNA is replicated Semiconservtively (define) | each newly synthesized strand will retain one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand. |
| DNA Helicase | Separates the 2 strands of DNA (breaks the hydrogen bonds) |
| DNA polymerase | reads the DNA strand and synthesizes the complimentary DNA strand |
| Primer | Small strand of RNA (5 to 10 bases) that initiates every new DNA |
| topoisomerase | cuts the DNA and relieves the tension as it's uncoiling |
| Ligase | what glues together the to strands of DNA |
| Leader Strand | Starts at 5' and is made continuously |
| Lagging Strand | starts at the 3'end and made backwards in small fragments |
| Sing strand binding protein | prevent the DNA from coming back together again |
| Bacteriophage | a virus that attacks bacteria |
| What did Frederick Griffith learn from his experiment? | found out that the R-strain must have picked up something (transforming factor) and used it to transform from R-strain to and S-strain. |
| how does DNA Replication occur? | 1. DNA Helicase separates the DNA 2. then the single stranded binding proteins bind to the DNA to make sure it doesn't close up 3. Then a primer starts at the end making it then easy to then go duplicate 4. DNA Polymerase then reads the DNA and copies it. |
| on one strand of DNA how many DNA polymerase can replicate Prockaryotes DNA? | It can be replicated 3 times |
| On one stand of Eukaryotes DNA, how many times can it be replicated at once? | 11 different DNA polymerase at one time |
| how many base are in a Okazaki fragment? | 100-200 Eukaryotic 1000-2000 Prokaryotic |
| Origin of Replication | where replication occurs |
| Transcription | synthesizing the RNA from the complimentary DNA |
| Translation | Reading the RNA and synthesizing the complimentary protein |
| Promoter | a special sequence at the beginning of every gene |
| Template Strand | The strand that contains the genes information |
| intron | junk region in the RNA |
| Exon | regions that code for genes |
| SnRNP's | Splicesomes that pull the intron out and pulls the exons together |
| mRNA (messenger) | this is the copy of the genes that will be translated |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | to transport the different amino acid |
| rRNA (ribosomal) | this becomes part of the ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | Does protein translation and is made of ribosomal RNA and Proteins |
| Polyribosome | Multiple ribosomes bound to, and translationg the mRNA at on time |
| Anticodon | complimentary to a codon on a mRNA strand |
| codon | a code for a complimentary anticodon with an amino acid attacked |
| RNA Polymerase | the making of RNA from DNA |
| how does transcription occur? | 1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter splitting the DNA apart 2. RNA Pol moves down the DNA synthesizing it to a RNA strand 3. once the RNA reaches the termination sequence the DNA will recoil, and the RNA will separate |
| where does translation and transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell | Transcription occurs in the nucleus and Translation occurs in the cytoplasm |
| where does translation occur in a prokaryotic cell | both occur in the cytoplasm |
| what is the start codon? | AUG |
| What is the stop codon? | UAA |
| what is the name of the 4 mutations in RNA? | 1. Silent 2. Missense 3. Nonsense 4. Frameshift |
| what does a silent mutation do? | does not effect the body, usually occurs in the third base in the codon |
| what is a missense mutation? | -usually occurs in bases 1 and 2 of a codon will usually encode a different amino acid -could have a huge impact on how the protein functions |
| what is a nonsense mutation? | encodes a stop codon prematurely, so translation stops before the protein is completely synthesized so protein is non-functioning |
| what is a frameshift mutation? | when extra bases are added or deleted which the produces all wrong amino acids |
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