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Description
Flashcards by Michelle Browne, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Michelle Browne
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for alkane → haloalkane? | -Free-radical substitution -UV light |
| What are the 3 stages to free-radical substitution? | 1. Initiation 2. Propagation 3. Termination |
| What happens during initiation? | -Free radicals are produced. Cl₂ → 2Cl● |
| What happens during propagation? | -Free radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction. Cl● +CH₄ → ●CH₃ +HCl ●CH₃ +Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl● |
| What happens during termination? | -Free radicals are mopped up. Cl● + Cl● → Cl₂ ●CH₃ + ●CH₃ → C₂H₆ ●CH₃ + Cl● → CH₃Cl |
| What are CFCs? | Chlorofluorocarbons |
| What are chloroalkanes and chlorofluroalkanes used as? | Solvents |
| How is the ozone layer formed? | O₂ + hv (UV radiation) → O● + O● O₂ + O● → O₃ |
| How are chlorine free radicals formed? | When the C-Cl bonds in CFCs are broken down by ultraviolet radiation. |
| How do the chlorine free radicals attack the ozone layer? | Cl● + O₃ → O₂ + ClO● ClO● + O₃ → 2O₂ + Cl● Overall: 2O₃ → 3O₂ |
| What is an alternative to CFCs? | HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for haloalkane → alcohol? | -Nucleophillic substitution -Warm aqueous sodium hydroxide |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for haloalkane → amine? | -Nucleophilic substitution -Ethanol -Excess ammonia |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for haloalkane → nitrile? | -Nucleophilic substitution -Alcoholic potassium cyanide -Reflux |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for haloalkane → alkene? | -Elimination -Ethanol -Reflux |
| What does the OH(-) act as in different conditions? | Aqueous conditions: nucleophile Anhydrous conditions: base |
| What is the test for double bonds? | -Bromine water -Turns colourless if double bonds are present. |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for alkene → dibromoalkane? | -Electrophilic addition -Br₂ |
| What is the type of mechanism and conditions for alkene → haloalkane? | -Electrophilic addition -HBr |
| What conditions are required for the hydration of alkene → alcohol? | -Steam -300°C -60 atm -Phosphoric acid catalyst |
| What are the advantages of hydration of ethene? | -Very fast -Pure product -Low labour costs |
| What are the disadvantages of hydration of ethene? | -Ethene is from oil, a finite resource -Continuous process so requires expensive equipment |
| What are the advantages of fermentation? | -Uses sugars, a renewable resource -Cheap equipment needed |
| What are the disadvantages of fermentation? | -Very slow -Very impure so requires further processing -High labour costs |
| What conditions are needed for the dehydration of alcohol → alkene? | -Reflux -Ethanol -Conc. sulfuric acid |
| What is the test for 1°, 2° and 3° alcohols? | -Acidified potassium dichromate 1°- orange to green 2°- orange to green 3°- nvc |
| Which test is used for aldehydes and ketones? | -Tollen's reagent Aldehyde: silver mirror Ketone: NVC |
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