52215
Description
Flashcards by Mark Arsenal, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mark Arsenal
about 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name some Neural Diseases which affect movement: | Stroke, Parkinsons, Chorea, Ballismus, Athetosis. |
| What are the differences between the Motor and Sensory Pathways? | The Corticalspinal Pathway and the Brainstem Pathway both convey motor and sensory information. The Corticalspinal Pathway runs through the brain, down the spine, and to the skeletal muscles making this a very direct method of conveying information to and from the CNS/PNS. It also crosses over. The Brainstem pathway goes through the Brainstem, down the Spinal Cord and to the muscles. |
| What are the main divisions of the brain? | Cerebral Hemispheres, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brainstem. |
| Give basic information about the Cerebral Hemispheres: | Cerebral Hemispheres(contains Cerebral Cortex) is in the fore-brain and thus used in complex function. It is divided into 2 hemisphere and are specialized, for example the 1st Hemisphere is responsible for speech. |
| Give basic information about the Diencephalon: | Located above the mid-brain of the brainstem and is formed of two major parts the Thalamus which acts as a relay station for sensory information and the Hypothalamus which releases hormones. Additionally the Limbic system is co-ordinated by the Hypothalamus which drives emotions and involved in learning. |
| Give basic information about the Cerebellum: | Receives sensory inputs from the muscles, Joints, Skin, Eyes etc and coordinates movement accordingly. |
| Give basic information about the Brainstem: | The Brainstem contains the Midbrain, Pons, Medulla and Reticular Formation. It contains all the fibers which pass through the Spinal Cord, Forebrain and Cerebellum. The Reticular Formation is essential to life and it receives and integrates input from the CNS- therefor it is responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular control. |
| Give basic information about the Cerebral Cortex: | Located in the Cerebral Hemispheres. The sections in order from front to back are as follows: Supplementary Motor Cortex-->Primary Motor Cortex--> Somatosensory Cortex--> Parietal Lobe Association Cortex. The Frontal cortexs (Supplementary and Primary Motor Cortex's control movement. Whereas the back Cortex's control senses. A significant mapped portion of the Motor Cortex's (Primary and Supplementary) are given to control of the hands, feet and lips. |
| What are Reflexes? | Reflexes are single transmissions sent from the brain via the Spinal Cord to both Agonist and Antagonist muscles to stimulate Agonist and Inhibit the Antagonist for the deserved movement response. |
| What is the difference between the Forebrain and Hindbrain? | The Forebrain is responsible for highly complex function, whereas the Hindbrain is involved in primitive basic functionality and has no conscious control. |
| What are Spinal Nerves? | Spinal Nerves are Nerves found inbetween the vertebrae of the spine, thus there are Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccyngeal Nerves. |
| What is the Spinal Cord, and how does it transmit information? | The Spinal Cord is part of the CNS. It runs through centre of the vertebrae and consists of 2 sections- Central Canal which is made up of white matter (axons which information through the Spinal Cord to the Brain) and Grey Matter (made up of cell bodies and neurons). Sensory Info (from the periphery) carrying info to the CNS enters the Spinal Cord via the Dorsal Root and sensory information from the CNS enters the Periphery via the Ventral Root. The Ascending Tract is at the back of the Spinal Cord and carries sensory info to the brain and the Descending tract is at the front of the Spinal Cord and carries sensory information from the CNS to the periphery. |
| Briefly describe the Nervous Systems Hierarchy of Control: | The brain is the highest level, and the receptors and the Muscle Fibers are the lowest. However the hierarchy is set up in a logical pattern. The higher centres are in control and thus can override the lower systems, but they are slow to react to changing stimuli as the nerve has a greater distance to travel but the lower centers (Muscle Fibers) have a very fast response and allow for localized reactionary responses like removing your hand from a hot surface. |
| What are the consequences of damage at the higher and lower Nervous System Centers? | At the higher centers, Tactical Levels (brain) the damage caused is major, such diseases as Parkinsons. Whereas damage at the lower Tactical Levels such as the muscles, the damage is isolated and can be overcome. |
| What is 2-Point Discrimination? | Two Point Discrimination is the ability to determine between a single touch stimulus or 2 touch stimulus (Acuity). This is achieved by the Merkel Receptors (Superficial and Slowly Adapting) as they are densely packed in the fingertips- they have a small receptive field and thus are effective at 2-Point Discrimination. There is both an advantage and disadvantage to overlapping nerve receptive fields, they allow for greater specificity of localization, but they can cause 'blur' due to differences in firing pattern which hinders our ability to determine object shape. |
| What is Sensory Mapping? | Sensory mapping is how we can map the area of the brain which is stimulated by the specific nerve. |
| How do we feel? | We feel through touch vibrations, which go through an 'on-off' experience through roughness of the surface. |
| How does the Cutaneous System (skin) feel? | The CS is the heaviest organ of the body and is comprised of 2 layers, the Epidermis (outer layer of dead skin) and the Dermis, the inner layer which contains 4 types of Mechano receptor- Merkel Receptor, Meissner Corpuscle, Ruffini Cylinder and Pacinian Corpuscle and it is through these Mechanoreceptors that allows us to feel. |
| What are the 4 types of Mechanoreceptor found in the Dermis of the Cutaneous System? and how do they allow us to feel? | Merkel Receptor (Superficial and Slowly Adapting- thus fires continuously as pressure is applied). Meissner Corpuscle (Superficial and Rapidly Adapting- thus fires at the beginning and end of pressure). Ruffini Cylinder (Deep and Slowly Adapting- thus fires continuously). Pacinian Corpuscle (Deep and Rapidly Adapting- thus fires at the beginning and end). The Superficial Merkel and Meissner receptors have a small receptive field and thus fine reception of touch whereas the the Deep Ruffini and Pacinian have broad receptive fields and thus respod to high vibration rates and therefor a broad touch reception. Slowly Adapting allows for such reception as judging weight whereas Rapidly adapting are good a detecting movement of an object. |
| We know we can categorize sensation through the description of the sensation, but how? | Through size of the stimulus, for example loudness or brightness. Each stimulus can still on transmit one bit of information per AP, thus is a single channel, but different senses can encode different stimuli, thus many channels to help 'describe' the size of the stimulus to the body. |
| What is Resolution in regards to touch sensation? | Resolution is the ability to detect something. |
| What is Acuity in regards to touch sensation? | Acuity is the degree to which we can localize touch. |
| What is Lateral Inhibition? | Lateral Inhibition is the ability of an excited nerve to reduce the activity of the nerves that surround it. Thus Lateral Inhibition sharpens edges and thus allows for more accurate touch sensation (as localizes the receptive field) |
| What is a Dermatome? | A Dermatome is the name given to the topographic map of the cutaneous (skin) regions that each pair of spinal nerves innovate. |
| What is the difference between Ipsilateral and Contralateral Transmission? | Ipsilateral Transmission is through the Dorsal Column and the pathway crosses at the brain level. It is responsible for touch sensations and allows for a high degree of touch localization, high degree of intensity sensation, phasic sensation (feels vibrations), and sensations of movement against the skin. Whereas the Contralateral Transmission is conducted by the Spinothalamic System which pathway crosses at the spinal level and is responsible for transmission of thermal sensations, such as cold, warmth, pain and tickle/itch sensations. |
| What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome? | This is whereby following damage to the Spinothalamic System we lose sensation on the opposite side of the body as the damage occurred. This is due to how the Spinothalamic system crosses at the spinal level, thus we lose pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side of where the damage occurred. Additionally on the same side as the damage occurred we lose voluntary motor control- no un-damaged or active nerves innovating the region. |
| Why do we have synapses? | At synapses transmission goes from electrical to chemical. We have synapses to amplify the stimulus, thus where the stimuli may have only affected a few nerves through synaptic transmission it can effect many. |
| What are Synapses? | Synapses are gaps between nerves, but we prevent further leakage (leakage would have occurred as the AP conducted along the neuron axon) by having Tight Junctions. Gap junctions are similar to Tight Junctions except they are a 1-1 direct coupling (tubes) which encase cardiac muscle preventing any leakage- thus fail safe system which protects the heart. |
| What are the 3 types of Synapse? | Axodendritic- (Axon-->Dendrite). Axosomatic (Axon-->Soma). Axoaxonic (Axon-->Axon) |
| How does neurotransmitter transmission occur at a synapse? | Calcium is fundamental. The AP opens the gates, allowing an inward flux of Ca which allows neurotransmitter transmission by exocytosis of the vesicles, the NT then reacts with the post-synaptic receptors which then produces a post-synaptic potential, causing an amplification in signal strength. |
| What are Ligands? And what role do they play at the Synapse? | Ligands are sensitive to chemical messages rather than electrical (like voltage gated ion channels) and at synapses they help change signals from chemical to electrical (causing post-synaptic potential). They can be internal or external to the cell. We also have Voltage opened gates and mechanical opened gates. |
| What are Ligands? And what role do they play at the Synapse? | Ligands are sensitive to chemical messages rather than electrical (like voltage gated ion channels) and at synapses they help change signals from chemical to electrical (causing post-synaptic potential). They can be internal or external to the cell. We also have Voltage opened gates and mechanical opened gates. |
| What is the difference between Ionotropic and Metabotropic direct gating mechanisms? | Ionotropic are direct, so Acetylcholine attaches to the external receptor which opens the gate allowing sodium and potassium to flow in and out. Metabotropic are indirect in the sense that they use second messengers (G-protein, Guanosine Triphosphate) to open the gate (receptor attaches outside of the cell which activates the second messenger within the cell which opens the gate). Metabotropic amplifies the signal and thus prolongs the signal propagation. |
| What types of transmitter are there? | Neuropeptides, Monoamines, Amino Acids, Other |
| What are Miniature End Plate Potentials? | These occur at a synapse whereby a single vesicle (pre-synaptic) which contains the neurotransmitter is accidently released, thus causing a Miniature End Plate Potential (small depolarization) at the post-synaptic side of the synapse- but due to threshold not being reached this does not cause propagation of an AP. |
| What is sensation? and how can we categorize it? | Sensation is anything we can feel, hear, smell etc. We can categorize sensation into 3 groups: Modality, By the Location on the body and through description of the sensation. |
| What are the types of Sensation Modalities? | Exteroception and Interoception. E= Touch, Taste, Smell, Vision, Hearing (known as Special Senses) whereas I= Balance, Pain, BP, Hunger, Acidosis, Temp, O2 and CO2 Levels. |
| We know we can categorize Sensation by the location on the body, but how? | Topographic Mapping, is how skin sensation is mapped on the body. So specific nerves of the CNS (spinal nerves) map to a specific region of skin, thus the regions these nerves innovate can be mapped. Worth Noting that if one Spinal nerve is destroyed it has little effect as another nerve will cover it. Additionally Cranial Nerves can be mapped for sensation of the face. We also can topographically map the pitch of sounds on the brain. |
| What is Bandwidth? | Bandwidth is the maximal rate of firing and thus bit transmission from a single nerve. |
| What is Bandwidth? | Bandwidth is the maximal rate of firing and thus bit transmission from a single nerve. |
| What is the difference between Serial and Parallel informational processing? | Serial Processing is whereby we must process 1 thing before we can process the next, thus there is a refractory period between information processed. This is the Information Bottleneck. Parallel Processing is whereby you process information concurrently, thus we use nerves at the same time thus more information can be processed. |
| What is Membrane Capacitance? | Determines the kinetics by which a current results in a change of the membrane potential. Time it takes for the membrane to allow change in membrane potential which is known as the Time Constant, thus this regulates frequency so to minimize delay we must reduce the time constant. |
| We know Membrane Capacitance regulates Frequency but how does it limit nerve transmission velocity? | Membrane capacitance determines transmission velocity through the space constant. The Space Constant increases with diameter of the neuron, thus the larger the diameter the larger the space constant which thus means the quicker the membrane capacitance, thus the quicker the nerve conduction. |
| What does Myelination do? | Myelination of neurons increases membrane Resistance and a decreased membrane capacitance which combined has no effect on the time constant, but it greatly increases conduction velocity through the increase in the diameter of the axon (caused through the added thickness of the myelin) Thus Axonal Diameter increases Conduction Velocity. |
| What is information? | Information is measured in bits, thus we conduct information in bits, this means we can accurately measure information. |
| What is Noise? | Noise is what creates uncertainty in signals. We can reduce or offset noise by increasing Redundancy. Redundancy is where we repeat the message more times (thus send more bits of information) through AP's. Redundancy= No. bits used - No. bits transmitted. |
| What is the difference between Passive and Active Transmission? | Passive Transmission is useful in very short distance transmissions due to the biological frailties in biological electrical transmission. Active Transmission is achieved through AP's which through changes in sodium and potassium propagate the conduction along the nerve, thus allowing the transmission to travel much greater distances. |
| How do AP's propagate nerve transmission in Active Transport? | Through changes in Sodium and Potassium. AP's are all or nothing. Sodium flows into the cell causing depolarization which causes propagation along the nerve. The slower opening Potassium channels cause polarization and then the Sodium/Potassium Pump returns NA and K to there normal sites. |
| What is a Refractory Period in relation to Nerve Conductance? | The Refractory period is the time caused by hyperploarization to lower than -70 from depolarization from +30. So the Refractory Period is the time it takes for polarization back to -70 where another AP can be sent. |
| What is a Relative Refractory Period and Absolute Refractory Period in relation to Nerve Conductance? | RRP is whereby you can have another AP but it is harder to reach the AP threshold. Absolute RP is where you cannot have another AP which causes 1 way transmission as Absolute RP follows along in the wake of the AP. |
| What is Rate Coding? | Rate Coding is a method in which we can increase the 'strength' of the transmission. We cannot make a single impulse stronger so Rate Coding is the process by which we increase the strength of the message through sending more impulses. |
| What is meant by Spatial Coding? | Spatial Coding is whereby we save workload of a nerve by having multiple nerves stimulating one action, thus per singular nerve workload decreases (send less impulses) |
| Why do we have Myelin? | We have a Myelin Sheath which is formed of Schwaan Cells which surround the axon of a nerve in order to help conduct nerve transmission through decreasing leakage of the impulse. Some diseases such as Polio, Multiple Sclerosis decrease myelin. |
| What is Nerve Growth and Guidance? | This is the term used to describe how Nerves spread. As nerves grow they cast around looking to attach to something to innovate. Axonal Guidance is whereby special signals tell the nerve where to spread. |
| What is Axoplasmic Transport? | Axoplasmic Transport is whereby axonal proteins are synthesized in the neural cell body which are then transported along the axon. This process is key in the cells growth and survival. Some diseases such as Shingles or damage to the axon cause degeneration of the nerve at the distal end. |
| What is Synaptogenesis? | Synaptogenesis is the formation of Synapse's. Occurs greatly during early brain development due to neural planning. Many connections (synapses) are formed in this stage and those not used are inhibited and fail to develop. |
| Can nerves regrow after being cut? | Yes, peripheral neurons within Peripheral Nerves can regenerate successfully following cutting- but if the nerve is cut and the proximal end (Soma) implants back onto the CNS then the neuron will only regenerate as far as the junction between the CNS and PNS and will not penetrate back into the CNS. |
| How can we investigate Neural Function? | Use markers to trace neural pathways, Lesion Studies, Recording Studies (cell recordings through EMG, EEG etc) and Stimulation Studies |
| Why do we have a Nervous System? | Control of Movement, Control of Secretion, Informational Processing, Thinking |
| How does the nervous system transmit its signals: | Nerve transmission is electrical. With all electrical transmissions the primary issue is with leakage. The voltage decreases as it moves along the nerve due to resistance. Biological materials are poor conductors of electrical transmissions, primarily because there CSA is small which increases resistance. |
| What is the Space Constant? | This refers to the distance an electrical transmission can travel before it reaches 37% voltage. |
| What is Inherent Feedback? | Inherent Feedback is feedback we receive from within from our senses |
| What is Augmented Feedback? | It is feedback from extrinsic sources. Can be FB on timing which is usually from a coach which can be Concurrent (during movement) or terminal (after movement). We can also receive FB from the Media such as Videos and Photo's, Sampling (Accumulated- Series of Practice then FB, Distinct- 1 action then FB) and through result (1st/2nd/last) or performance (setting a PB) |
| What is meant by the term Knowledge of Result? | This is after movement information about the outcome. This information comes from the environment- such as 'the shot went in'/'the shot went wide' |
| What is Knowledge of Performance? | Post-movement information on the nature of the movement- information is about what you've done- the shot went in, but the technique was bad. |
| Give a brief explanation of types of Knowledge of Performance FB and discuss there effectiveness (HINT THINK AUGMENTED FB FOR TYPES) | Videos: Newell (1981) Using videos alone they are in-effective, but when combined with cues from coach (explanation whilst watching). Kinematic FB: FB where the coach tells athlete of weaknesses in technique (Arm too high in throw phase) is effective in technique recognition for the athlete. Biofeedback- Using EMG, HR etc. Kinetic FB: Force Plates, Wind Tunnel- Process of using complex data to show parameters for adjustment (must be explained to athlete in simpler ways to be effective) |
| How does the precision of Knowledge of Result FB affect its effectiveness? | Precise but not overly precise KoR FB is much more effective. A precise explanation such as: 'your arm is slightly to high in throw phase' is much better than: 'your arm is 4mm to high in the throw phase' |
| What is meant by the term Bandwidth of Knowledge of Result? | This is to do with the tolerance of error that is allowed. Soo a successful movement must be within this tolerance. Found that when learning a wide tolerance is better- but this can change per person or activity. |
| What does the term Schedules of KoR relate to? | This is to do with what learning phase the athlete is in and the amount of required FB. When in the initial learning phase the athlete requires a lot of FB but when a skilled is learnt they require much less FB. |
| Can the athlete receive too much Knowledge of Result FB? | Yes if a athlete receives too much FB then they become reliant on it and performance is diminished if the FB is removed. It prevents the athlete gaining a sense of intrinsic autonomy. |
| What did Schmidt et al (1978:1979) find in relation to Fitts Law? | That error increased with increased A (Amplitude between targets) and with decreased Movement time. Soo an increase in Movement Time lead to reduced errors. |
| What is the 'Temporal Speed-Accuracy Trade Off'? | This is the S-A TO with regards to Closed Loop Control (With FB from Sensory Inputs during the movement) Schmidt (1967:1969) Participants had to intercept a moving target. Found that error (bad Movement Time) increased with movement distance. BUT error decreased at Maximal speed comparative to Moderate. |
| What did Newell et al (1980) find in relation to the Temporal Speed Accuracy Trade-Off? | A slower velocity of movement increased number of errors in movement. Both this finding and that of Schmidt et al (1967:1969) are true of discrete tasks. Is this the same for Repetitive tasks? Schmidt (1978:1979) found that in repititive task a slower movement caused a larger variance (error) in timing. |
| Explain the Wing-Kristofferson (1973) Hierarchical Model of Timing: | Impulse Variability Theory. Based on Open-Loop actions (no need for sensory FB) and consists of: A Timekeeper and A Motor Implementation Level. In abscence of external timing device, our internal clock sets pacing stimulus and this theory has found that errors in movement are caused by errors in internal timing rather than the motor implementation. |
| Explain the Power Law of Practice as defined by Fitts (1964): | This is the negatively accelerated process by which the rate of improvement decreases with the amount of practice |
| What is the Power Law of Practice Power Function Equation? | T=aP-b (T=time, a and b are constants and P is amount of practice) |
| What are the characteristics of Pre-Practice? | Pre-Practice is whereby we motivate the athlete to practice by making the practice seem important. For example Kyllo and Landers (1995) found that participants that had used moderate difficulty Goal Setting was more effective in continuing to practice, additionally the increased rate of improvement retained for longer than when 'Do your best goals were set' |
| What is meant by the process of Modelling? | This is whereby we watch the movement and copy it. Modelling is sometime more effective when modelling from a learning performer or an expert, but too make Modelling beneficial you need to intersperse with physical practice. |
| What is meant by the term Distribution of Practice? and what did Bourne and Archer (1956) find? | DoP can be either Massed or Distributed. Massed is whereby you repeat and repeat the practice and Distributed is whereby you rest between trials. They found that Distributed practice was better in increasing performance BUT takes longer than Massed to reach the same level (due to rest periods in-between trials) thus Massed Practice is more time-efficient than Distributed. |
| What is meant by the term Variability in Practice? | This is the thought that variability in practice (change environment, different equipment). This process is based on Schmidt (1975) Schema Theory. |
| What is Schmidt (1975) Schema Theory? | This is the finding that stored Motor Programs in memory are more easily transferable when they have been practiced in un-stable, varying environments. |
| What is Schmidt (1975) Schema Theory? | This is the finding that stored Motor Programs in memory are more easily transferable when they have been practiced in un-stable, varying environments. |
| How does Variability of Practice affect Practice Retention and how Practice in other similar skills can be transferred? | Shea and Cole (1991) found that practicing tasks that are similar to the criterion task (primary activity/sport) are helpful in the retention of practice in the primary sport. McCracken and Stetmach (1977) Found that transfer-ability between skills are greater with varied practice conditions. Additionally Catalano and Kleiner (1984) found that with variability of practice increases transfer-ability of learning. |
| What other factors affect the effectiveness of Variability of Practice? | Age (children prefer variability), Gender (Females prefer variability) and it has been found that Randomized Practice (same task with breaks and dispersed among other practice tasks) is better than Blocked (Same task is repeated sequentially without interruption) |
| Part vs Whole Practice: | Part Practice is whereby you break down movements (Motor Skills) into parts to practice then separately. Whereas Whole Practice is practicing the whole movement (Motor Skill) at a time. It has been found that in Part Practice the isolated parts does not help with forming a Motor Program due to the different Units of Action which form the movement. Effectiveness of each is dependent on the task, Part is better with serial tasks but Whole is better in continuous tasks. |
| What is the principle behind the 'Speed-Accuracy Trade Off'? | Dual tasks cause a decrease in attentional resources thus this increases the chance of Selection/Execution Error- This is known as the Speed Accuracy Trade Off. It was most extensively researched by Fitts (1954) creating Fitts Law. |
| What is Fitts Law? | Looks at the Speed-Accuracy Trade Off. The task was to point alternatively at two different targets. A represents the width BETWEEN the target (amplitude) and W represents the Width of the targets themselves. It is defined as: Movement Time= a+b [Log2(2A/W)]. (a and b are empirical constants). Fitts found that movement time and Log2 (2A/W) correlation was near perfect. So the difficulty of the task as determined by A and W is directly linked to movement time. As A and W increase as does Movement time. Correlation slopes change with age (older movement time is slower) and practice (more practice then quicker movement time). |
| Woodworth (1899) tested the effect of vision on Action Error, but what did he find? | Found that when length of vision allowed to perform an action had a big effect on errors in that action. 400-1000ms lead to stable performance. This finding shows that in short movements we do not require as much sensory information as we do in longer actions. |
| What are some Problems associated with the theory of Closed Loop Control? | 1) We can execute some actions without Sensory Information as shown by Woodworth (1899) 2) The sensory FB Loop may be too long to control fast movements. |
| What is the Feed-forward/Efferrent Copy Mechanism? | The FF or ECM? Is whereby we have a stored copy of how we should perform a movement and we compare this Efference Copy with the movement we are conducting. It is then thought that the Efference Copy prepares the Sensory FB System. |
| What is the Feed-forward/Efferrent Copy Mechanism? | The FF or ECM? Is whereby we have a stored copy of how we should perform a movement and we compare this Efference Copy with the movement we are conducting. It is then thought that the Efference Copy prepares the Sensory FB System. |
| What is the definition of a Motor Program? | 'A Motor Program as a pre-structured set of central commands capable of carrying out movement essentially Open-Loop' Open Loop means there is no need for sensory FB. This is an aspect of the FF/EC Mechanism. |
| How can you link an Open Loop Plan with Closed Loop Guidance? | This is where you would use both a FB and FF/EC Mechanism to correct a movement. LEARN IMAGE. |
| How can you link an Open Loop Plan with Closed Loop Guidance? (IMAGE) | |
| What are the 2 types of Movement Errors? | Selection Error and Execution Error. SE is where we select the wrong Motor Program which requires a whole new plan to be generated which takes a long time. EE is where we make a mistake and must modify the ongoing plan after error detection, this is faster than SE. |
| What is a Generalized Motor Program? | A GMP is a motor program which is stored which consists of action characteristics that are invariant (Movement pattern DOES NOT CHANGE) We then use this BUT we adjust parameters of this Invariant Motor Program to accommodate the individual demands of this specific situation. Main Invariants consist of: Relative Force and Duration, Order of Events, The Muscles Used. The main 2 adajusted parameters are: Overall Duration and Overall Force. |
| What is Closed Loop Control? | When performing any action we do two steps we plan the goal or intention of the action, we then guide our action to achieve the goal. CLC is where Sensory Information DURING the action allows for correction of the movement. LEARN IMAGE. |
| What is Closed Loop Control? | |
| What is a Unit of Action? | Where a complex movement is broken down into a series of motor programs. These programs are separated through there relative timing in the movement. |
| Describe Holt and Taylor (1981) Gait Transition Theory? | They wanted to find out whether the transition between walking and jogging is based on energy efficiency. They found that abnormally fast and slow movements were more energetically expensive as these movements increased variability (errors) making the movement less stable and less co-ordinated. |
| What is Dynamic Pattern Theory? | DPT suggests that a continuous action's coordination is determined through the stability of the movement. Soo more variability in a movement causes more errors and therefore a less efficient movement. Thus to improve efficiency we go through a 'Self-organised process' where we automatically change to a more stable movement pattern. |
| What did Yamanshi et al (1980) find with regard to 'Self Organised Process'? | Most stable patterns are symmetrical and In-Phase. If movements are in anti-phase (which are less stable) as you increase the speed of the movement you would naturally revert to the more stable and less energy costly Symmetrical and In-phase movement- through Self Organised Process. |
| What are the four types of Attention? | 1) Consciousness (Thoughts/Awareness) 2) Effort/Arousal (Mental effort to concentrate) 3) Capacity (Only concentrate on a few things at once) 4) Selection (Choose to focus on something) |
| What was Broadbent 1958 theory on Attention? | Attention is a single channel and thus can only focus on 1 thing- Attention is like a filter. |
| After Broadbent 1958 Attention Theory was disproved what have more recent studies found? | Attention is flexible and can be processed and distributed where needed. But also thought that Attention is a limited pool of resources, and as you spread your attention on multiple tasks this causes more errors. |
| What is the Stroop Test 1953? | Words/Colors Test. This is where the colors and words compete for your Attention so you see more errors in your performance or it took longer to respond. |
| What is the Cocktail Party Effect? | The CPE is where there is competition for your Auditory Attention in social situations. Where you hear multiple conversations and process them all. The effect is magnified when you hear a word spoken that you can relate too- for example your name or favorite football team. |
| What is Attentional Blindness? | AB is where you miss things which aren't relevant when you are devoting you attentional resources on a sole activity. THINK THE DANCING BEAR. |
| What happens when you are presented with 2 Stimuli at a time? | Secondary tasks can debilitate or facilitate actions. When you are still engaged in Task 1 it takes longer to respond to Task 2- thus task 2 is debilitated. The more time between stimuli allows more time to change your focus from T1 to T2. |
| What is The Psychological Refractory Period- Tellford (1931)? | Based on the priniciple whereby when you are presented with 2 stimuli at once you can only switch attention to Task 2 from Task 1 when Selection of Response for Task 2 has been chosen. Hence there is a gap between actions. |
| What is the Inter Response Interval? | This is where you have two stimuli to respond to and the Processing of Stimuli 1 is overlapped by the Processing of Stimuli 2 (because it arrived before the end of Stimuli 1 processing). |
| What 3 factors affect the effect of when 2 stimuli compete? | Practice (more practice= less interference), Complexity of Stimuli response requirement (more compex= greater interference, Compatibility (refers to whether the response is learnt and thus is performed automatically) |
| What is the difference between Continuous and Discrete Tasks? | Continuous Tasks is when 2 tasks are performed simultaneously. Discrete tasks are where 2 tasks are performed in sequence. In continuous tasks the simpler the primary task the more available attentional resources for the secondary task. |
| What did Posner and Keele (1969) find in regard to Discrete Tasks? | They used a Probe detection study method. They determined that when the task was simpler the response to the task was quicker. |
| What does the Dual Task Method find? | Attentional Workload and Performance improved when Tasks are staggered. This is because when they are simultaneous the two tasks compete. Beilock et al (2002 & 2004) found that a secondary task can help the primary task- putting in golf was facilitated in elite golfers when they had the secondary task of probe detection as it prevents over-thinking whereas with novices the secondary task was debilitating on putting. However Wegner et al found that directing attentional focus was debilitating on performace (used a pendulum- more stable when told nothing than when they were directed to keep the pendulum still) |
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