6454401
Description
Flashcards by Maggie McCormick, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Maggie McCormick
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three phases of drug action? | Pharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics |
| What is involved in the pharmaceutical phase? | This is the preparation of the drug administration. |
| What does the US Pharmacopoeia- National Foundry ( USP-NF) ensure? | The quality standards for drugs, inactive ingredients, and dietary supplements. Verifies purity and exact amounts of ingredients. |
| What does the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research do for drugs? | Controls whether prescription or over the counter drugs may be used for therapy. |
| What is the FDA review and approval process? | 1. Preclinical phase- studies performed on individual cells or animals, results always inconclusive as this stage does not involve humans. |
| After the preclinical phase what happens? | The second phase is the clinical investigations phase. |
| For every 10,000 potential drug compounds, how many become marketable drugs? | 1 |
| What is the pharmacokinetic Phase? | This is what the body does to the drug. Absorption Distribution Metabolism/Biotransformation Elimination/Excretion |
| Define the absorption phase that aoccurs during the pharmacokinetic phase? | It is the process of moving drug from the site of administration into circulation |
| When a drug is administered orally what is the process of getting to circulation? | 1. Absorbed by the stomach/intestine 2. Enters the hepatic portal circulation to the liver 3. Enters general circulation |
| What are the different routes of dbsorption in the body? | Sublingual (mucous membranes) Transdermal (patch) Rectal (mucous membranes) Parenteral ( IV, IM, SQ) |
| How does solubility affectabsorption? | Solubility will determine where drug is deposited Water-soluable- tend to become ionized and to concentrate in the blood, cross through pores in capillaries, but not cell membranes Lipid-soluble- will have a greater volume of distribution, go directly through cell membrane, non ionized, crosses pores, cell membranes, and blood brain barrier |
| What are things that can affect absorption of a drug? | Blood flow, pH of local environment, GI motility, Stress, Age, disease states, and Co administered drugs or food |
| How does the process of distribution work with the pharmacokinetic phase of drugs? | This is the process of moving drugs through the circulatory system to target receptors. |
| How may inert molecules added to drugs affect drug absorption? | Depending how tightly bound the drug is to the inert molecules it will delay the release of the drug. |
| How are water soluble drugs carried through the blood stream? | Through proteins like albumin, glycoproteins, lipoproteins. This will determine the extent of drug distribution and elimination rate. Only unbound drugs can move freely. |
| What are some issues with drugs that need to bind with proteins? | Proteins such as albumin can become saturated leaving free drug in the blood stream. Drugs will compete for the same plasma protein binding sites and may displace other drugs/molecules. Ex: Warfarin and aspirin both compete for albumin. This can increase the free drug levels in the blood and increase the effect i.e Bleeding potential |
| What are some challenges for drugs that must be absorbed through the GI tract? | They must make it through the intestingal wall and the portal circulation to the liver, they must over come this first pass effect of metabolism before making it to the blood, making it potentially difficult to reach adequate plasma levels in order to be effective. |
| What is the process of oxidizing drugs ? | This process of oxidizing drugs makes them inactive, and conjugates them with new molecules so that they may be excreted |
| What is the first pass effect? | This is when a substance is absorbed by the GI tract and enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein before entering general circulation. During the first pass effect the liver metabolizes or inactivates drugs or potentially harmful substances before they enter circulation. |
| What is the significance of CYP450 enzyme in drug metabolism? | They are the first line of defense in detoxification of unusual chemicals, such as drugs/carcinogens/toxic elements. They work by adding O2 atoms to the unusual molecule making it soluble in water, and easier to flush out of the body. Adding O2 also allows other enzymes help further degrade the unusual molecule. |
| What are factors that affect pharmacokinetic metabolism? | Blood flow, age, Nutrition: albumin, Liver integrity- enzyme production, genetics- enzyme produciton, polypharmacy- drug interactions, microbial flora |
| What is the elimination phase of pharmacokinetics? | It is the excretion of drug metabolites, usually via the renal system. |
| What are the factors that affect elimination of drug metabolites? | Protein-binding affinity- too large to pass through the glomerulus Drug of ionization- ionized drugs will be filtered through the glomerulus, non ionized drugs will move into cells Lipid or water soluble- lipid soluble drugs will stay in cell spaces and fat stores, less likely to be perfused to kidney |
| What is half-life? | The amount of time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to be reduced by half. 1st half life original dose will be at 50%, 2nd half life original dose with be at 75%, 3rd half life original dose will be at 87.5% and 4th half dose original dose will be at 93.75% of steady state. |
| What is a steady state of a drug level? | It is the therapeutic level, can take 4-5 half lives, organ disease or drug interactions can prolong half-life, genetics can also contribute |
| What is a loading dose? | It is when high doses of drugs are given so that a therapeutic level can be achieved faster, smaller maintenance doses follow this to maintain the therapeutic level. |
| What is the pharmacodynamic phase of pharmacology? | This is what the drug does to the body. |
| What is and agonist drug? | An agonist is when a drug binds to a specific receptor and stimulates a physiologic effect by stimulating the receptor. |
| What is an antagonist drug? | This is a drug that binds to a specific receptor to block other substances from binding to that receptor and there by inhibiting the response. |
| What is affinity? | How well something attaches to target. Sometimes it is good for a drug to have poor affinity for a receptor so it does not have such a strong and long lasting effect. |
| What is selectivity? | It is how selective a drug is to receptors, some are able to unintentionally attach to receptors that they are not intended for, causing adverse reactions. |
| What is allosteric binding? | It is when drugs do not bind to the receptor for activating a respinse, but bind close by changing the shape of the receptor so that more of the natural compound can enter cell. Ex. benzodiazepine and barbiturates bind allosterically on GABA receptor that is responsible for the influx of Cl- |
| What is the efficacy of a drug? | It is the magnitude of maximum response produced by a drug. |
| What is the potency of a drug? | The more potent a drug is the less doseage that is needed to produce a therapeutic effect. |
| What is an idiosyncratic effect? | It is a response by the body that is the opposite effect intended for the drug to have. (anxiety v sedation.) |
| What is the tolerance of a drug? | Desensitization, decreased response to a drug, more drug needed to achieve same effect |
| What are the schedules of controlled substances? | Schedule 1- Illegal (pot) Schedule 2- opioids and barbiturate Schedule 3- anabolic steroids/ketamine Schedule 4- Sedatives/hypnotics Schedule 5- Cough suppressants |
| What are the pregnancy categories of drugs? | Category A- okay Category B- Studies on animals (safe) but not humans Category C- No human studies, some animal studies Category D- Significant evidence of injury in animals Category X- clear association with teratogenic effects |
| What gives nurses legal authority ot administer drugs? | State's Nurse Practice Act |
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