Tutorial 1

Question	Answer
Where are the theories taken from?	multiple disciplines: sociology, political sciences, history, literary studies, psychoanalysis, philosophy
Cultural studies key terms	representation, discourse, power, ideology, restistance, identity, subjectivity, meaning
Definitions of culture Longhurst Defintion	1.) Culture with a big 'C': artistic and intellectual activity and expression (high and fine arts) 2.) Culture as a 'way of life': holidays, sport, religious festivals, youth subcultures 3.) Culture as a process of development: cultivation, process of civilization 4.) Culture as making and circulation meanings/'signifying practices' Brian Longhurst
What does CS (Cultural Studies) do? (5) eg definition cultures changeable?	-questions the dichotomy (Zweiteilung) of high vs. 'low'/'mass'/popular culture -seeks to denaturalize what seems neutral, objective, commonsensical (eg. when travelling, you realize that things can be done differently) -defines culture in broad terms -speaks of culture in the plural: age (eg. youth subcultures), gender, class, status (looking at what makes those subcultures (eg. Hippies, rave cultures, ..) -cultures are not monolithic and unchanging, but change and mutate --> hybrid cultures (eg. Austrian culture not completley the same as German culture)
CS & power	-power and culture are inextricably linked -analysis of culture cannot be divorced from politics and power relations. -very important for studying culture & taking it seriously > categories in CS: age, gender, ‘race’/ethnicity, class, (dis)ability etc.
examples for literature (writing ) linked with power	eg. Joseph Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness' : even if he wants to write about the negative things of colonialisation, novel still discriminating or Adichie's ''The danger of a single story''
The Bechdel Test	Rule for looking at a film ...if 2 female characters in a film that talk to each other about something else than men and if they have names
Story vs. Plot Foster quote	“‘The king died and then the queen died’, is a story. ‘The king died, and then the queen died of grief’, is a plot.” (E. M. Forster)
Story	A story is a “chronological sequence of events”.
plot	A plot additionally offers the logical and/or causal connection between events.
Story vs. Discourse	Image: 84c6d7ff-72a9-4615-853c-d5454453453c (image/png)
Discourse	-comprises (beinhalten) various elements of transmission -elements of discourse determine our perception of the story (what 'actually' happened) -In the analysis of discourse one tries to determine how certain effects are achieved (eg. How is suspense created?)
Think of how you would summarize a novel/movie you recently read/saw to a friend? What type of information would you include?	Think of how you would summarize a novel/movie you recently read/saw to a friend? What type of information would you include? now discourse level: “What was really strange about the film is that it only featured close- ups...”,...
Michel Foucault's Definition of Discourse	“Discourse is the term used to describe the network of statements, images, stories and practices by which certain beliefs or a set of ideas about a particular topic are circulated and sustained in order to naturalize these as self-evident or common sense.” way they become normal eg. patriarchal discourse of moderhood (Michel Foucault)
Narrative transmission Starting questions (Meyer)	Who speaks to whom? Which position does the narrator have inside or outside the world of the story? In which way and in which order does the narrator speak about which characters and events?
Narrative transmission Criteria (Nünnig and Nünnig)	• identity and explicitness of the narrator • From whose point of view is the narrated world represented? • Is the narrator involved on the same level as the other characters?
Narrative Transmission Franz K. Stanzel What kinds of narrators? Which situation?	First-person narrator Authorial narrator Figural narrative situation
Narrative Transmission (Stanzel) First-person narrator	 part of the characters’ world (internal perspective)  narrating I vs. experiencing I ( temporal, cognitive and/or moral distance )  I-as-protagonist vs. I-as-witness
Narrative Transmission (Stanzel) Authorial narrator	 beyond the characters’ world (external perspective), but also able to give us insight into characters’ emotions, thoughts etc.  mediates between the world of the charavtes and that of the reader  “offers a godlike panoramic view from an Olympic position outside and above the story world” (Meyer 73)  can also take the personal pronoun “I”  omnipresent and omniscient  Creating the illusion of a fictional world, but also breaking it by intrusive comments and reader addresses. can include: -addresses to the narratee/reader -detailed descirptions and pauses
Narrative Transmission (Stanzel) Figural narrative situation	 narrator is barely noticeable and presents events through a character’s perspective (feelings, thoughts, perceptions)  showing vs. telling -typically begin in medias res -attempt to present a direct view into the perceptions, thoughts and feelings of a character’s mind > impression of immediate access • thus, limited knowledge and insight into other characters’ minds etc. (≠ omniscience) • often with a referentless pronoun (e.g. there is a she, but we do not know who she is)
Narrative Transmission (Gerard Genette)	--> cf. voices and focalizers Flashcards
Representation	-who represents whom, where and how determines the representation available for us to look at and read - people do not necessarily make sense of these representations in terms of the preferred or intended meanint
Representation social groups	-how social groups are treated in cultural representation is part and parcel of how they are treated in life -How we are seen determines in art how we are treated; how we treat others is based on how we see them; such seeing comes from representation
autodiegetic	if she/he tells the story of his/her own life

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	Created by Lisza Neumeier over 7 years ago