7311805
Description
Flashcards by kelsey comstock, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by kelsey comstock
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| mineral | a naturally formed inorganic solid with a crystalline structure |
| element | a pure substance that can not be separated or broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means |
| atom | the smallest part of an element that has all of the properties of that element |
| compound | a pure substance made in to 2 or more elements that have been chemically joined of bonded together |
| crystal | the solid geometric form of a mineral produced by a repeated pattern of atoms |
| silicate mineral | a mineral that contains a combination of the elements silicon and oxygen |
| non-silicate mineral | a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen |
| luster | the way the surface of a mineral reflects light |
| streak | the color of a mineral in powder form |
| cleavage | the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces |
| fracture | the tendency of a mineral to break along curved or irregular surfaces |
| hardness | the resistance of a mineral being scratched |
| density | the amount of matter in a given space, mass per unit |
| ore | a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit |
| reclamation | the process of returning land to its original state after mining is complete |
| rock | a solid mixture of crystals or of 1 or more minerals or other materials |
| rock cycle | the process by which one rock type changes into another rock type |
| magma | the hot liquid that forms when rock partially or completely melts beneath the earths surface |
| sedimentary rock | rock that forms when sediments are cemented and compacted together |
| metamorphic rock | rock that forms when the texture of composition of pre-existing rock changes due to heat and pressure |
| igneous rock | rock tat forms from the cooling of magma |
| composition | the makeup of a rock describes either the mineral or elements in it |
| texture | the sizes shapes and positions of the grains that a rock is made of |
| intrusive | type of igneous rock when magma cools and solidifies beneath the earths surface (cools slowly/coarse) |
| extrusive | type of igneous rock that forms when lava or pyroclastic material cools on the earth surface (cools quickly/fine) |
| strata | layers of sedimentary rock that form from the deposition of sediment |
| stratification | the layering of sedimentary rock |
| foliated | the texture of metamorphic in which the mineral grains are aligned like the pages of a book |
| non-foliated | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains show no alignment |
| mafic | the igneous rock contains a higher composition of iron and magnesium causing a rock to be a darker color |
| felsic | igneous rock that contains a higher composition of silicate minerals giving it a lighter color |
| uniformitarianism | principle that states that the same geologic process shaping the earth today have been at work throughout the earth's history. |
| catastrophism | principle that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly |
| relative dating | Determining whether an object or event is older or younger than other objects or events |
| superposition | Principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks in an undisturbed sequence |
| geologic column | an ideal sequence of rock layers that contains all the known fossils and rock formations on Earth arranged from oldest to youngest |
| unconformity | a surface that represents a missing part of the geologic column |
| fossil | any naturally preserved evidence of life |
| permineralization | a process in which minerals fill in pore spaces of an organism’s tissue |
| petrification | occurs when the organism’s tissues are completely replaced by minerals |
| trace fossil | Any naturally preserved evidence of an animal’s activity |
| geologic time scale | Scale that divides Earth’s 4.6 billion years of Earth’s history |
| eon | Largest division of geologic time |
| era | second largest division of geologic time |
| period | third largest divisions of geologic time scale |
| epoch | Which are the fourth largest division of geologic time. |
| coprolite | preserved feces or dung from animals |
| mold | a cavity in the ground or rock where a plant or animal was buried |
| cast | object created when sediment fills a mold and becomes a rock |
| index fossil | Fossils or organisms that lived during a relatively short, well-defined time span |
| absolute dating | process of establishing the age of an object, such as fossil or rock layer, by determining the number of years it has existed. |
| isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons |
| radioactive decay | a process in which radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes of other elements. |
| radioactive dating | determining the absolute age of a sample based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material |
| half life | the time it takes for one half of a radioactive sample to decay |
| crust | the outermost layer of the earth |
| mantle | layer of the earth between the crust and the core |
| core | extends from the bottom of the mantle to the center of the earth |
| lithosphere | the outermost, rigid layer of the earth. Made of two parts- the crust and the upper part of the mantle |
| asthenosphere | Soft layer of the mantel on which pieces of the lithosphere move |
| mesosphere | Beneath the asthenosphere is the strong, lower part of the mantle |
| outer core | Liquid layer of the earth’s core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core |
| inner core | Solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth |
| tectonic plates | Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere |
| continental drift | theory that continents can drift apart from one another and done so in the past |
| sea-floor spreading | Process by which new oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away |
| plate tectonics | theory that the earths lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere |
| convergent boundary | When two tectonic plates push into one another, the boundary where they meet is the convergent boundary |
| subduction zone | The region where oceanic plates sink down into the asthenosphere is the subduction zone |
| divergent boundary | When two tectonic plates more away, the space in-between them is the divergent boundary |
| transboundary | When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally it is the transform boundary |
| stress | Amount of force per unit are that is put on a given material |
| compression | the type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed, as when two tectonic plates collide, is called compression |
| tension | Another form of stress when an object is squeezed, as when two tectonic plates collide, is called compression |
| folding | Occurs when rock layers bend due to stress in the earth’s crust |
| normal fault | Causes the hanging wall to move down relative to the footwall |
| reverse fault | Causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the football |
| strike- slip fault | occurs when opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally |
| five characteristics of a mineral | solid, inorganic, naturally occurring, definite chemical composition, definite crystalline structure |
| Classify minerals according to the two major compositional groups | Silicate and NonSilicate Minerals |
| Classify minerals using common mineral identification techniques | Color, Luster, Streak, Cleavage, Fracture, Hardness, density, special properties |
| Explain special properties of minerals | Fluorescence, chemical reaction, optical properties, radioactivity, magnetism, taste |
| Describe what makes a mineral crystal a gem | They are attractive and rare |
| Describe the environments in which minerals are formed | The cooling of magma, Hot water |
| Compare and contrast the different types of mining | Surface Mining is removal of minerals near the surface of the earth and Deep mining is removing materials deep within the earth. |
| metamorphic rock | Heat and Pressure |
| igneous rock | Melting the cooling |
| sedimentary rock | Compaction and cementing |
| sediment | Formed through weathering and erosion |
| What can all of the rock types do | All rocks can turn into sedimentary rock through weather and compaction and cementing. |
| What do rocks turn into as a result of weathering and erosion? | rocks turn into sediment |
| List and describe two characteristics of rock that are used to help classify it. | Texture – the roughness of the surface of the rock Composition – the minerals that the rock is composed of (i.e. felsic and mafic). |
| How do the three types of sedimentary rock form? | Clastic – composed of fragments of other types of rocks and minerals Chemical – forms from solutions of minerals and water Organic – composed of solid remains of once- living organisms (skeletons and shell) |
| Describe how the mineral composition of rocks change as they undergo metamorphism | Original minerals change into minerals that are more stable in the new temperature and pressure conditions |
| What are the differences between felsic and mafic igneous rocks? Provide examples for each. | Felsic contain more silicate minerals – Granite and Rhyolite Mafic contain more iron and magnesium – Gabbro and Basalt |
| What is the difference between how igneous rocks are formed on the surface and how they are formed below the surface? | Those formed on the surface, are extrusive and cool quickly. As a result they are fine grained. Those formed under the surface are intrusive and cool slowly. As a result they are coarse grained |
| Describe the 3 different ways that rock can melt and form the magma that later cools to form igneous rock | Temperature – Increase in temperature deep within the Earth’s crust Pressure – The high pressure deep within the Earth is released and as a result the rock turns to liquid Composition – Fluids like water enter a rock and lower the rocks melting point |
| What are 4 main intrusive igneous rock formations? | Pluton- A body of intrusive igneous rock Sill- A tabular sheet of igneous rock intruded between and parallel with the existing strata Laccolith (Mushroom): A mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift like the shape of a dome Batholith- A very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth’s crust |
| Contrast uniformitarianism and catastrophism | Uniformitarianism is different from catastrophism because uniformitarianism states that geologic process used today is the same process that is used in the past. Catastrophism is a theory that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly. They are similar because both theories are used in modern geology. |
| Describe how the two theories have contributed to modern-day Earth Science They still use both methods today | they have both helped us figure out what we know about the earth today |
| Explain how relative dating is used in geology | It helps determine if an object or event is older or younger than another object or event |
| Explain the principle of superposition | it is a principal that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks in undisturbed sequences |
| Demonstrate understanding of geologic column | They use data from rocks around the world to figure out where the rocks lay in the geologic column from oldest to youngest. |
| Identify two events or features that disrupt rock sequences | Fault and Intrusion. Fault is a break in the earth’s crust along with blocks of the crust slide relative to one another. Intrusion is molten rock from Earth’s interior that squeezes into existing rock and cools. |
| Explain how radioactive decay occurs | Unstable isotopes break down into stable isotopes resulting in a parent material and daughter material. A neutron changes into a proton and ejects an electron. |
| Explain how radioactive decay relates to radiometric dating | Radioactive decay is the rate at which unstable isotopes decay, and can be used to identify the date of a rock or fossil based on that rate. |
| List three types of radiometric dating | Carbon 14 within 50, 000 years Potassium – Argon 100,000 years + Uranium-lead 10 million years + |
| Determine the best type of radiometric dating to use to date an object | Carbon-14 best used for recent fossils/rocks |
| describe how different types of fossils are formed | Amber – Bug lands in tar, then more tar covers it up and the tar hardens so that the insect is preserved Tar –An organism, such as a mammoth, is trapped in a tar pit and dies. The tar soaks into its bones and stops the bones from decaying. Mumification - when organisms dry out before some parts decay Permineralization – A process where minerals Petrification - Occurs when the organisms tissues are completely replaced by minerals Frozen – If a wholly mammoth slips into ice water, with no way out, it will freeze in the water, and will thaw out later |
| List the types of fossils that are not a part of an organism | Copralite – feces Casts – cavity in the ground where an organism once was. Molds – Present where a mold fills in |
| Demonstrate how fossils can be used to determine changes in environments and in the organisms the fossil came form. | Specific animals and plants are capable of surviving in specific environments. Based on the types of animals present scientists can determine the environment in which they lived. |
| Demonstrate an understanding of geologic time scale | Eons – The largest divisions of geologic time (Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic Eras – 2nd largest division of time – Cenozoic “recent life”, Mesozoic “Age of reptile”, Paleozoic “old life” Period – 3rd largest Epoch – 4th largest |
| Identify the Eon we know the most about and explain why. | The most is known about the Phanerozoic Eon due to the rock in fossil representation on the Earth |
| Explain what Periods are currently present in Mahaska County, Iowa. | In Mahaska the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods of the Paleozoic Era are currently exposed. |
| identify and describe the layers of the Earth by what they are composed of: | Crust: Outermost layer of the earth with a composition of granite and basalt Mantle: Layer of earth between crust and core, mineral olivine, which has large amounts of iron and magnesium Core: Iron, nickel, sulfer, oxygen |
| Identify and describe the layers of the Earth by their characteristics: | Asthenosphere: soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move Lithosphere: outermost, rigid layer of the earth Mesosphere: strong lower part of the mantle Outer core: Liquid ayer of the earth’s core Inner Core: Solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth |
| Define tectonic plate | Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere |
| explain how scientists know about the structure of Earth’s interior: | they know from earth quakes |
| Describe Wegener’s theory of continental drift, and explain why it was not accepted at first: | It stated that continents can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past. It was not accepted because they could not prove that such a force could move the earth |
| Explain how sea-floor spreading provides a way for continents to move: | tectonic plates move away from each other, the sea floor spreads apart and magma rises to fill in the gap. |
| Describe how new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges | the molten rock at the mid-ocean ridges contains tiny grains of magnetic minerals. These mineral grains act like compasses. They align with the magnetic field of the Earth. Once the molten rock cools, the record of these tiny compasses is literally set in stone. |
| Describe three forces thought to move tectonic plates | Ridge Push: The process by which an oceanic plate slides down the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Slab Pull: The edge of the oceanic plate sinks and pulls the rest of the tectonic plate with it a process called slab pull. Convection: Hot material from deep within the earth rises while cooler material near the surface sinks. |
| Describe thee types of tectonic plate boundaries | Convergent boundary: When two tectonic plates push into one another, the boundary where they meet is the convergent boundary. Divergent: When two tectonic plates move away from one another. Transform: When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally |
| Explain how scientists measure the rate at which tectonic plates move | GPS, By recording the time it takes for the GPS ground stations to move a given distances. |
| Describe Major types of folds | Anticlines: opposite, coming out of the ground and Synclines: downward, trough like folds |
| Explain how the three major types of faults differ | Normal causes the hanging wall to move down relative to the footwall. Reverse: causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall. Difference between them: Normal faults have obviously moved relative to the other, by looking at the sequence of sedimentary rock layers. Reverse faults you can tell by the positions of the two dark layers that the hanging wall has vowed down relative to the footwall. |
| Name and describe the most common types of mountains | Folded, fault-block, volcanic Folded: form when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward. Fault-block: Fault-block: form when faulting causes large blocks of the Earth’s crust to drop down relative to other blocks. Volcanic: Form when molten rock erupts onto the Earth’s surface |
| explain how various types of mountains form | the collision of tectonic plates |
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