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Flashcards by sarah.hartley, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sarah.hartley
over 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what is a cation? | When metals lose there valance electrons to form positive ions. |
| What is an Anion | When non metals gains electrons to form negative anions and fill there outer shell |
| What is a covalent bond? | When two atoms SHARE a pair of valence electrons, this occurs between non-metals only. |
| Covalent Compounds | When atoms of two non-metals combine a covalent compound results |
| Ionic compounds are... | metals |
| Covalent compounds are | non metals |
| What is a pyramidal shape? | has 3 points looks like a pyramid |
| Tethahedral? | Has four points looks square in shape |
| Planar Angular? | straight and bent |
| Angular? | Bent in shape, with many angles |
| Planar? | Lays flat |
| lanar | straight line |
| Bent | Bent in shape |
| What is cytoplasm? | The material located between the plasma membrane and the membrane. Surrounding the nucleus |
| What is cytosol? | Intracellular fluid containing nutrients, ions, soluble/insoluble proteins and waste products. |
| Which organelles are membranous? | ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitrochondria |
| which organelles are non membranous? | Cytoskeleton, microvilli, cillia, centrioles and ribosomes |
| What to lysosomes do? | Intercellular digestion, cell recycling and cell destruction. |
| What is autolysis? | Cell suicide, intentional cell death |
| what are peroxisomes? | peroxisomes are formed via subdivision of existing chromosomes |
| What is the cytoskeleton used for? | Cell shape, rigidity, strength, made of intermediate filaments and microtubles |
| Microfilaments? | Smalles of cytoskeletal elements. Less than 6nm |
| Microfilaments? | Smalles of cytoskeletal elements. Less than 6nm |
| Microtubles? | The largest of cytoskeleton element 25nm. Cell shape, rigidity, provides anchor, major role in cell division. |
| Microvilli? | Increase surface area to facilitate with the absorption of extra cellular materials. |
| what are cilia? | Motile structures, moving with a beating action, anchored to the basal body. |
| Flagellum/Flagella | Motile structures, whip like action. |
| centrioles | are essential for movement of the chromosomes during cell division, organisation of microtubles in cytoskeleton 9 doublets, triplets of microtubles |
| Does passive transport require energy? | No energy is required |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Helped by proteins, carrier proteins and channel proteins. It is still passive. |
| What is osmosis? | Water diffusion, moving from a level of high water concentration to low concentration |
| What does isotonic mean? | There is no net movement in or out of the cell |
| What does hypertonic mean? | the cell shrinks and water leaves the cell |
| What does hypotonic mean? | The cell bursts and lyses as the water enters the cell. |
| What is endocytosis? | When substances enter the cell, a vesicle is formed around the substance called an endosome. Specific and non specific |
| What is exocytosis? | export of excretory products. Mammary gland, production of breast milk |
| What is phagocytosis? | Cell eating, solid, large particles |
| What is pinocytosis? | Cell drinking of small particles or liquid. |
| What is receptor mediated endocytosis? | Materials in the extra cellular fluid bind to receptors on membrane surface. |
| What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell suicide |
| What is mitosis? | Produces daughter cell with genetic compliment, identical to parent cell, occurs in somatic cells. |
| Interphase | Is not a stage of mitosis. |
| What phase of interphase does synthesis occur? | S PHASE |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, telophase and anaphase |
| What happens during interphase? | DNA strands are loosely coiled and chromosomes cannot be seen. |
| What happens during prophase? | Chromatin in nucleus coils up and condenses in to chromosomes. |
| What are chromosomes? | Identical pairs of sister chromatids joined together by the centromere. |
| What is the role of centrosomes in mitosis? | Centrosomes move to poles and produce microtubles that form asters (radial arrays) and the spindle fibers. |
| What happens in prometaphase? | Nuclear envelope disaggregates, spindle fibers formed. Kenetochore fibers (microtubles) bind to kinetochores in chromosomes. |
| what happens in metaphase? | Chromosomes are maximally condensed, they move to the metaphase plate. Kinetochores attach to microtubles |
| What happens in Anaphase? | Sister chromatids seperate to form chromosomes. Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. Poles move apart, microtubles slide over one another, elongating spindle. |
| What happens in Telophase? | Chromatin less coiled, chromosomes decondense, new nuclear envelope forms, surrounding each group of chromosomes. Nucleoulus reforms. Cytokenesis begins. |
| What is cytokenisis? | Cytokenisis starts in late anaphase, actin filaments form a contractile ring that pulls plasma membrane and constricts cell. Resulting in cleavage of the cell to produce daughter cells. |
| What are mixtures? | A physical combination of two or more substances. Homogenous or Heterogenous |
| Number of protons= | number of electrons |
| What is the atomic number equal to? | The number of protons. |
| What does a mass number equal? | number of protons + number of neutrons |
| What does mass number equal? | Mass number-atomic number =neutrons of an atom. |
| What are the metals sitting on the heavy line on the periodic table called? | Metalloids |
| What are isotopes? | Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons. |
| Number of protons= | number of electrons |
| What is the electron arrangement order to remember? | 2882 |
| What is an ion? | An ion is an atom that is electrically charged as a result of the loss and gain of electrons. |
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