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Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How can you insulate your house? | -For the roof use loft insulation -For the Windows use double glazing and curtains -For the walls use cavity wall insulation -For the floor use a carpet |
| Why is it useful that water has a high specific heat capacity? | -Makes it a good coolant as it takes a lot of energy to heat it up -The reverse (water can give away a lot of energy to cool down) is useful in heaters (not exactly a spec point) |
| What do objects do with Infrared radiation? | All objects emit and absorb infrared radiation |
| What is the relationship between the heat of an object and the infrared radiation it radiates? | The hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time |
| What surfaces are good and bad emitters of infrared? | -Dark, matt surfaces are good absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation -Light, shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and poor emitters of infrared radiation, they are good reflectors |
| Draw the diagrams for solids, liquids and gases according to the kinetic theory |
Image:
Kinetic Theory (image/png)
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| What is the energy difference in solids, liquids and gases? | particles in gases have the most energy (that's why they can move far apart from each other), those in solids have the least energy and particles in liquids are somewhere in the middle |
| How is heat energy transferred by particles? | -Conduction -Convection -Evaporation -Condensation |
| Explain convection in air in terms of particles | -Particles in the air gain energy and move faster -This makes them move apart -Makes the air less dense -So the hot (air) rises -Cooler air sinks to replace the hot air -Continuous cycle |
| Explain conduction in a non-metal in terms of particles | -Particles near the energy source gain energy -start vibrating -Bump into particles next to them and transfer some of this energy -Eventually energy transferred through the entire non-metal |
| Explain the process of evaporation in terms of particles | -Some particles have more energy than others -If a particle has enough energy, is near enough to the surface and is travelling in the right direction it can break free of the liquid and become a gas -This lowers the average energy of the rest of the liquid |
| Factors that affect the rate of evaporation and condensation | -Humidity of the air -Wind (carries away humidity) -Surface area to Volume ratio -Temperature of the air |
| What affects the rate at which an object transfers energy (by heating) | -Surface area and volume -The material of an object -The nature of the surface with which the object is in contact |
| What increases the rate of (heat) energy transfer | The bigger the temperature difference between an object and it's surroundings the faster the rate of (heat) energy transfer |
| What does a U-value measure? | U-values measure how effective a material is as an insulator. The lower the U-value, the better the material is as an insulator |
| How do solar panels work? | Solar panels contain water that is heated by radiation from the sun. |
| What is the hot water used for? | -Heat buildings -Provide domestic hot water |
| What is the specific heat capacity of a substance? | The amount of energy required to change the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree celsius |
| Specific heat capacity equation | E = m x c x o e - energy transferred in joules, J m - mass in kilograms, kg c - specific heat capacity in J/kgC 0 - temperature change in degrees Celsius, C |
| Describe a Sankey Diagram (e.g. for a normal light bulb) |
Image:
Sankey Diagram (image/gif)
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| What can you do with energy? | energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but not created or destroyed |
| What happens to transferred energy? | Some of the energy usefully transferred, the rest is wasted |
| What happens to wasted energy? | Wasted energy is eventually transferred to the surroundings, which gradually becomes warmer. The wasted energy dissipates (becomes more spread out) and so becomes less useful |
| What does the amount of energy transferred by a device depend on? | -How long the appliance is switched on for - it's power |
| Energy transfer equation | E = P x T E - energy in J or kWh P - power in W or kW T - time in s or h |
| What units is the cost for mains electricity given in? | p per kWh |
| What kind of power stations have the shortest start up time | Fossil fuelled power stations, particularly gas |
| What is useful about pumped storage | pumped storage allows us to store energy for later use, allowing us to meet peak demand |
| Advantages of overhead power lines | -Easy to repair if damaged -Less chance of electrocuting people as they are very high up -Cheaper to maintain and set up -Less energy lost as no good conductors around |
| Disadvantages of overhead power lines | -Visual pollution -Birds and Low-flying aircrafts can fly into them -More susceptible to damage (e.g. vandalism) |
| How do most power stations work? | -Energy source is used to heat water -Steam is produced -Steam turns a turbine -Turbine is coupled to electric generator that produces electricity |
| What are the different kinds of energy sources used in this method of producing electricity? | -Fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) are burned to heat water -Uranium and plutonium use nuclear fission to heat water -Biofuels can also be burned to heat water |
| How can water and wind be used to generate electricity | -Water includes waves, tides and falling water in a hydroelectric plant -These directly turn the turbine |
| What other source can electricity be produced from? | -Electricity can be produced directly from the suns radiation using solar cells -Geothermal energy: -In volcanic areas hot water and steam rise to the surface -Steam can be trapped and used to drive turbines |
| Why and when can small-scale production of electricity be useful? | -Hydroelectricity can be useful in remote areas -Solar cells can be useful for road signs -However, it's often uneconomic to connect this to the national grid |
| Advantages and disadvantages of solar cells | -Renewable -Low maintenance cost -Dependant on weather -Expensive |
| What are the affects of using different energy resources on the environment? | -Release of substances into the atmosphere -Production of waste material -Noise and visual pollution -Destruction of wildlife habitats |
| What is carbon capture? | -A rapidly evolving new technology -Separates carbon dioxide from other waste gases -Then stores the carbon dioxide, usually in old oil and gas fields like those under the north sea |
| What does the national grid do? | -Distributes electricity from power stations to the consumers |
| What happens to electricity in cables? How do we deal with this? | -Some of the electricity is lost -The higher the current the more energy is lost -So cables transfer energy at high voltages and low currents -That's why the national grid has step up and step down transformers |
| National grid diagram |
Image:
National Grid (image/gif)
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| What do waves do? (at the most basic level) | Waves transfer energy |
| What types of waves are there? | -Transverse -Longitudinal |
| What are longitudinal waves? | -A wave that oscillates parallel to the direction of energy transfer -Sound and some mechanical waves are longitudinal -They have areas of compression and rarefaction |
| What are transverse waves? | -A wave that oscillates perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer -Electromagnetic waves and some mechanical waves are transverse |
| What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What is the order of the waves? | -Electromagnetic waves form a continuous spectrum -Wavelengths vary from 10^-15 m to 10^4 m - Radiowaves -Microwaves -Infrared Radiation -Visible light -Ultra violet -X-ray -Gamma ray |
| What can you do to waves? | -Reflect them -Refract them -Diffract them |
| Diffraction | Significant diffraction only occurs when the gap and the wavelength are of the same order of magnitude |
| Refraction | -Waves change direction when they are refracted at an interface -They are not refracted if they are travelling along the normal |
| Frequency | The number waves per second |
| Wavelength | Distance from peak to peak or trough to trough |
| Amplitude | The maximum extent of vibrations of a wave |
| Wave diagram |
Image:
Wave (image/png)
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| What waves are used in communication? What are they used for? | -Radiowaves (television, radio) -Microwaves (mobile phones, satellite television) -Infrared (remote controls) -Visible light (photography) |
| Diffraction in radio waves | -Long radio waves are not diffracted as much as short radio waves -Because of diffraction radio signals can sometimes be received in the shadow of hills |
| Reflection | -The normal is a construction line perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence -Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection -Image produced in a plane mirror is virtual |
| Reflection diagram |
Image:
Reflection (image/png)
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| Sound waves | -Longitudinal waves that cause vibrations in a medium which is detected as sound -Pitch of sound is determined by frequency -Loudness is determined by amplitude |
| Doppler effect | If a wave source is moving relative to an observer there will be changes in the observed wavelength and therefore frequency |
| Red shift | There is an observed increase in the wavelengths from distant galaxies. The further away they are, the faster they are moving and the larger the observed increase of wavelength |
| How does red shift provide evidence for the big bang | -Big Bang is the theory that everything in the universe began from a very small initial point -Red shift shows that the universe is expanding -Big Bang theory is the only theory that explains the expanding universe |
| CMBR | -Cosmic Microwave background Radiation -Electromagnetic radiation that fills the universe -Comes from radiation present shortly after the beginning of the universe -Big Bang theory is the only theory at the moment that can explain CMBR |
| Useful links for P1 | -Primrose Kittens has done all of P1 in 39 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR0boPq3v5Q -AQA spesification http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/subjects/AQA-PHYS-W-SP-14.PDF |
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