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| Question | Answer |
| Name the Six Logic Gates | AND OR EXOR NOT NAND NOR |
| What is the symbol used to represent the AND Logic Gate? | . |
| What is the symbol used to represent the OR Logic Gate? | + |
| What is De Morgan's Law? | Break the line and change the sign |
| What is Hardware? | The Physical components of a computer |
| What is Software? | Programs that run on a computer |
| Name Four pieces of internal computer hardware | ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: CPU GPU RAM Storage Motherboard SSD PSU Optical Disk Drive |
| Name 3 Peripherals | ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: Keyboard Monitor Mouse Headphones Printer |
| Name the 3 Buses | Address, Data, Control |
| What is the Stored Program Concept or Von Neumann architecture? | A program is stored in main memory. Each instruction is fetched and executed by the processor. |
| What is Main Memory made up of and what does each part do? | Main memory consists of ROM and RAM. ROM stores the important boot instructions and the POST (Power on Self Test) whereas RAM is temporary working memory that stores the current running programs and all the data. |
| What is a bus? | A set of wires connecting components |
| Which Direction(s) does the control bus travel? | Both Direction (Bidirectional) |
| Name 4 roles of the control bus | ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: Memory write Memory Read I/O Write I/O Read Transfer ACK Bus request Bus grant Interrupt Request Interrupt ACK Clock Reset |
| What is the main purpose of the Control Bus? | Carries status information |
| What is the main purpose of the Data Bus? | Caries the data currently being read from or written to main memory |
| Which Direction(s) does the Data Bus travel? | Both Directions (Bidirectional) |
| What aspect of the data bus is a key factor in overall system performance? | The width of the data bus. For example, If the data bus is 16 bits wide and each instruction is 32 bits long then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle |
| Which Direction(s) does the Address Bus travel in? | Only One direction (Unidirectional) |
| What does the width of the address bus determine? | The width of the address bus determines the maximum possible memory capacity of the system. |
| What is the role of the address bus? | Carries the address of a memory location currently being read from or written to |
| What is the word size of a computer? | The number of bits that the cpu can process in one go |
| What does ALU stand for and what is its purpose inside the CPU? | Arithmetic Logic Unit Where are arithmetic and logical operations are carried out |
| What is the control unit's role inside the CPU? | Coordinates activities in the CPU, memory and peripherals |
| What is the system clocks role inside the CPU? | Generates a continuous pulse and synchronizes operations |
| What does PC stand for and what is its purpose inside the CPU? | Program Counter Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed |
| What is the Accumulators purpose inside the CPU? | Holds data temporarily, for example, during a calculation |
| What does CIR stand for and what is its purpose inside the CPU? | Current Instruction Register Holds the current instruction being decoded and executed |
| What does MAR stand for and what is its purpose inside the CPU? | Memory Address Register Holds the address of the instruction or data being transferred between memory and MDR |
| What does MDR stand for and what is its purpose inside the CPU? | Memory Data Register Holds the instruction or data being read from or written to memory. It is also known as the Memory Buffer Register (MBR) |
| What does SR stand for and what is its purpose inside the CPU? | Status Register Contains bits that are set or cleared depending on the result of and instruction |
| What is the wordy explanation for the fetch execute cycle? | 1. Address of the next instruction is copied from the PC to the MAR 2. The instruction held at that address is copied to the MDR. At the same time, the PC is incremented so that it holds the address of the next instruction 3. The contents of the MDR are copied to the CIR 4. The instruction in the CIR is decoded 5. The instruction is executed |
| What is the Shorthand notation for the Fetch Execute cycle? | 1. MAR <-- [PC] 2. MDR <-- [Memory]; PC <-- [PC] + 1 3. CIR <-- [MDR] 4. [CIR] opcode DECODED 5. [CIR] opcode EXECUTED -[PC] Means the contents of the PC - ; Means that the two steps happen at the same time |
| Name 2 reasons why a programmer would use Assembly Language | ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: Assembly language is used where the utmost performance is needed. Assembly language is useful for communicating with the machine at a hardware level, for this reason it is often used for writing device drivers Programs can be very small which can save valuable space. |
| Explain, basically, how a mouse works | It detects movements on two axis(x,y) The handheld mouse uses a ball which moves two metal wheels to detect movement. Optical mice uses a small sensor on the underside of the mouse to detect movement by taking images. Laser mice use the reflection of a laser to detect movement along the axis. A touchpad uses the capacitance of a finger to detect movement. the use of two or three buttons control a GUI interface |
| Explain, Basically, how a keyboard works | They are used to enter text onto a computer. They continually scan all the keys to check if any key or key combination has been pressed. It communicates key presses using ASCII or Unicode. |
| Explain, In detail, how a Bar Code Reader works | It reads a sequence of white bars where the thickness of each bar represents a number. Its commonly used in shops. It emits light and then detects the intensity of the light reflected back. This intensity is then decoded into a binary digit which can be processed by the computer. |
| Explain, Basically, how a Scanner works | Scanners capture a picture, printed text, handwriting or a solid object. It then produces a digital representation which can be stored on a computer. |
| Explain, In detail, how a Flatbed Scanner works | A flatbed scanner shines a bright from underneath a document. This light source is moved slowly from one end of the scanner to the other with an array of red, blue and green light detecting sensors, picking up all reflected light. This light is then converted into and electrical signal. This signal is made up of red green and blue levels. |
| Explain, Basically, how a Fingerprint scanner works | Its a security device that takes an image of a finger, by using light sensors, picture imaging or electrical currents to map skin contours. can be attached to anything via a USB port |
| Explain, Basically, how a Retina Scanner works | Retina Scanners use low energy infrared light that is directed onto the retina. This light is then detected into an electric signal. It is then decoded and compared to a stored image. This is used in security because every persons retina is unique |
| Explain, Basically, how a Optical Mark Reader (OMR) works | It reads the intensity of the light reflected back using photoelectric sensors. If it detects a difference in light intensity there has been a mark made. Used for lottery tickets, multiple choice tests etc... |
| Explain, Basically, how and Optical Character Reader (OCR) Works | It imports and image like a flatbed scanner, it then compares the input characters with sample characters. It is often used in mail order forms and gas bills. |
| Explain, Basically, How a Magnetic Stripe Reader works | Information is encoded magnetically in a stripe on the back of a plastic or cardboard card.A stripe can store up to 2 Kb. They are often used in credit cards. The card is then read by a reader where it decodes the information held on the card. |
| Explain, Basically, How a Smart Card Reader works | It contains a microprocessor, ROM, EPROM and RAM as well as a bus system. It acts as a normal computer holding programs to be executed in the ROM. It is used for applications such as credit cards |
| Explain, In detail, how an RFID reader works | Radio Frequency Identification uses radio frequencies to transmit data. There is no electrical contact to transfer data. An RFID system has a transponder and a reader. The transponder is located on the object to be identified. The data capacity is normally several Kb, 1 bit transponders can only tell you if they are present or not. It can be used for opening gates, oyster cards etc.. |
| Explain, In detail, how a Touch Sensitive Screen works | It is a VDU which allows the user to interact with the application. The user touches regions of the screen to perform certain functions. One method involves a separate region in front of the VDU which is criss crossed by horizontal and vertical beams of infra red light. When the screen is touched these beams are broken. Sensors then tell the computer the coordinates of where it was broken and react accordingly |
| Explain, Basically, how a Graphics tablet works | A graphics tablet consists of a pen/stylus and a board connected to a PC. When the pen is pressed to the board the pen is activated and the movements of the tip are recorded by the computer. The board contains electronics to detect the position of the stylus tip. Used to create drawings in a graphic package. |
| Explain, Basically, how Voice Recognition works | Computer is trained to recognise a persons voice and turn speech into text using a microphone. |
| Explain, In detail, how a Digital Still Camera works | It captures an image and puts it into a form which a computer can read. The image is produced by using either a charge-coupled device or a CMOS image sensor to sense light intensities. |
| Explain, Basically , how a Cathode Ray Tube works | Uses an electron gun that when hit bu an electron emits light. Colour cathode ray tubes have to use 3 different guns to produce colour. |
| Explain, In detail, how an LCD screen works | Liquid Crystals can change the polarization of light when an electric field is applied to them. They can act as a light source which can be controlled. An LCD id s matrix of Liquid crystal cells. Each cell is equal to one pixel. which is made u of 4 sub pixels. LCDs are thinner and have 30% less power consumption. |
| Explain, Basically, how a Plasma Screen works | Ideal for Large Displays. Each pixel is controlled by a small florescent light. When voltage is applied they display visible light. They have Wide Viewing angles and colour in the same way the CRTs do.They generate a lot of heat and arent as effiecient as LCD screens |
| Explain, In detail, how a Impact Printer works | They are used in applications that require multi-part stationary or carbonised envelopes. They used an inked ribbon to ark paper with a character impression. |
| Explain, In detail, how a Inkjet Printer works | They print high quality text, graphics and images in colour. It prints a line of colour at a time using a number of tiny nozzles. Colour printers use 4 cartridges using CMYK. It receives information form your pc. It takes a page of paper and the printhead prints a line of colour at a time. |
| Explain, In detail, how a Laser Printer works | Prints a whole page at a time. When sent to the printer it is converted into a bittmapped image. A negative Charge is applied to the drum, a laser then fires at the drum corresponding the black parts of the page to be printed, neutralising the negative charge. The toner then sticks to the drum, thicker layers of toner mean darker colour. The page is passed through rollers which fuse the toner to the paper |
| Explain, Basically, how a Plotter works | It moves a pen across paper in a continuous movement so that a two dimensional drawing is made. Pens of different colours are used to create images in colour. The pen can move on the X and Y axis at the same time, however smaller plotters only allow on axis movement at a time. |
| Explain, In detail, how a HDD works | A hard disk drive uses circular platters made of non ferrous metal or plastic which spins upto 10000 times a minute beneath a read/write head. The platter is covered in magnetic material which acts as lots of tiny magnets. These magnets can be aligned to encode binary data. Data is recorded in rings called tracks. Both sides of the platter can be used to store data. Multiple platters can be used for higher storage capacity. Access time = spin up time + seek time + Rotational delay + transfer time |
| Explain, Basically, how Magnetic Tape works | It consists of a thin ribbon of plastic. One side is magnetically coated so that data can be encoded onto it in the same way that a HDD does. Capacities range from 10GB to 1TB. |
| Explain, In detail, how a CD ROM works | Ideal for large databases and encyclopedias due to their high storage capacity. ROM denotes that they are Read Only. |
| Explain, In detail, how a CD R works | These devices are WORM (Write once Read Many) They can store 1,000MB per surface |
| Explain, In detail, how a CD RW works | RW Denotes that it is Rewritable. CD RW drives have a laser an a magnet. To write data the laser heats a precise spot to 200 degrees. The magnet then sets the data bit to this spot. The laser reads data by checking the polarisation of the spot that contains the bit. |
| Explain, Basically, how a DVD ROM works | Offer much more data than CD's. The pit data is stored in a much smaller space allowing for more data to be stored. Capacity Peaks at 7 GB. Some use both sides to further increase this. |
| Explain, Basically, how a DVD R works | Uses WORM. Capacity is 4.7GB |
| Explain, Basically, how a DVD RW works | Can be written to approx. 1000 times. Used as backups. |
| Explain, Basically, how a DVD RAM works | A rewritable format that has built in error control.Capacity Ranges from 2.5 to 9.4 GB |
| Explain, Basically, how a Blu Ray works | A high density optical disk. Uses a blue violet laser to read and write. Can store up to 50GB |
| Explain, Basically, how a HD DVD works | Can store up to 30GB of data, and where meant to be the successor to DVDs but Blu Ray won out due to hollywood deals. |
| Explain, In Detail, how a USB Flash Drive works | Uses Solid State Memory in a USB interface. Typically Small, lightweight, removeable and rewriteable. Capacity ranges from 64 MB to 32 GB. |
| What is general purpose software | Designed to be used for many different tasks |
| What is Special purpose software | Designed to be used for one application only |
| What is Bespoke software | Written for a particular Company or Organisation |
| Third Generation: Imperative HLL. What does Imperative mean | Imperative means defining a program in terms of a number of statements that execute one after another (procedural) |
| Fourth Generation: Declarative Programming Language. What does the Declarative mean? | Declarative involves defining what is to be computed not how it is to be done |
| Name 4 pieces of IT legislation | 1.Computer Misuse Act (1990) 2. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) 3. Data Protection Act (1998) 4. Health and Safety Act (1974) |
| Name the 3 levels of misuse in the Computer Misuse Act | Unauthorised Access to computer programs or data Unauthorised access with a further criminal intent Unauthorised modification of computer material |
| In the Data Protection Act, name 5 things that personal data must be. | ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: Obtained lawfully Be held for specific purposes Be relevant and accurate Be up to date Not be kept longer than necessary Be kept secure |
| What is a code of conduct | A number of rules and regulations that employees of the company must follow. |
| What does CSS Stand for? | Cascading Style Sheet |
| What are the 3 types of selector for a CSS document? | Type Selector i.e. h1 Class Selector i.e. .highlight ID selector i.e. #main_header |
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