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Description
Flashcards by Ashley DeSalvo, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ashley DeSalvo
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Lateral Paranasal Sinuses Positioning | Part position: MSP of head parallel with IR plane IPL perp to IR plane IOML perp to front edge of IR CR: Horizontal and perp to IR CR enters 1/2 to 1 inch posterior to outer canthus Collimated field 8x10 inches |
| (PA) axial (Caldwell method) Angle Grid Technique Paranasal Sinuses Positioning | Part position: Tilt vert bucky down 15 degrees forehead and nose touching device center nasion to IR MSP and OML perp to IR plane CR: Horizontal CR, and CR exits the nasion Collimated field 8x10 inches |
| (PA) axial (Caldwell method) Vertical Grid Technique Paranasal Sinuses Positioning | Part position: Position patient's OML at 15 degree angle to horizontal to CR Center nasion to IR MSP perp to IR CR: Horizontal and exits nasion Collimated field 8x10 inches |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters Method) Paranasal Sinuses Positioning | Part position: Hyperextend neck to place OML at 37 degree angle from IR plane MSP and MML Perp to IR plane CR: Horizontal CR , and CR exits acanthion Collimated field: 8 x10 inches |
| Parietoacanthial (Open Mouth Waters Method) Paranasal Sinuses Positioning | Part position: Hyperextend neck to place OML at 37 degree angle from IR plane MSP and MML perpendicular to IR plane Open mouth wide CR: Horizontal and exits acanthion Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| SMV Projection Paranasal Sinuses Positioning | Part position: Hyperextend neck and rest vertex of head on vertical grid device MSP perp to IR plane Neck extended to place IOML parallel to IR plane CR: Horizontal and perp to IOML, Enters MSP 3/4 inch anterior to level of EAM Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| Lateral Projection Cranium Positioning | Part position: MSP of head parallel to image receptor IPL perp IOML parallel to transverse axis of cassette CR: Perp to center of IR, Enters superior to EAM Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| Lateral Projection Dorsal Decubitus Cranium Positioning | Part Position: Elevate head on radiolucent support to center to vertical IR MSP of head vertical to IR IPL Perp to IR IOML parallel to transverse axis of cassette CR: Horizontal and perp to center of IR, Enters 2 inches superior to EAM Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| PA Cranium positioning | Patient Position: Seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on table or upright bucky Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion CR: Perp, exits nasion Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| PA Axial Caldwell Cranium Projection | Patient Position: Seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on table or upright bucky Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, Exits nasion Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| AP Cranium Positioning | Patient and Part Position: Supine, MSP centered to midline, MSP and IR perp to IR CR: Perp, and enters nasion Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| AP Axial Cranium Positioning | Patient and Part Position: Supine, MSP centered to midline, MSP and IR perp to IR CR: 15 degrees cephalad, enters nasion Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| AP Axial Towne Method Cranium Positioning | Patient and Part Position: Supine or seated erect, MSP center to midline, MSP perp, OML or IOML perp, IR top border level with skull vertex, IR center at or near foramen magnum CR: Directed through foramen magnum, If OML is perp angle 30 degrees caudal, If IOML is perp angle 37 degrees caudal Collimated field: 10 x12 inches |
| PA Axial Haas Method Cranium Positioning | Patient Position: Prone or Upright, MSP centered to midline, Shoulders in same horizontal plane to avoid rotation Part Position: Forehead and nose on table, MSP perp, OML perp to IR CR: Directed cephalad at 25 degree angle to OML, Enters at a point 1 1/2 inches below external occipital protuberance, Exits 1 1/2 inches superior to nasion Collimate field: 10 x 12 |
| SMV Projection (Schuller Method) Cranium Positioning | Patient Position: Seated or upright, Torso elevated if supine Part Position: MSP centered to midline, IOML parallel with IR, MSP perp to IR CR: Through sella turcica perp to IOML, Enters MSP of throat between angles of mandible, Passes through a point 3/4 inch anterior to level of EAM Collimated Field: 10x12 inches |
| Lateral Projection Facial Bones Positioning | Patient Position: Upright or recumbent anterior oblique position Part Position: MSP of head parallel with IR, IPL perp to IR, IOML perp to front edge of IR CR: Perp to IR center, Enters patient on lateral surface of zygomatic bone halfway between outer canthus and external acoustic meatus EAM Collimated Field: 6x10 inches |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones Positioning | Patient Position: Prone or seated upright, Center MSP to midline of upright bucky Part Position: Rest chin tip on board, Place OML to form a 37 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp, MSP perp, Center IR to level of acanthion CR: Perp to and exits acanthion Collimated field 8x10 inches |
| Modified Waters Facial bones Positioning | Patient Position: Prone or seated upright, Center MSP to midline of bucky Part Position: Rest chin tip on board, Place OML to form a 55 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp, MSP perp, Center IR to level of acanthion CR: Perp to and exits acanthion Collimated field 8x10 inches |
| Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) Facial Bones Positioning | Patient position: Supine, MSP centered to midline of grid Part position: Extend chin and neck to place OML at 37 degree angle with the plane of the IR, MML almost perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane CR: Perp to ancanthion Collimated Field: 10x12 inches |
| PA Axial (Caldwell) Facial bones positioning | Patient position: seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on bucky Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, exits nasion * For exaggerated Caldwell angle 30 degrees caudad for orbital rims Collimated Field: 10x12 inches |
| Lateral Nasal bones positioning | Patient Position: Upright or recumbent anterior oblique, MSP of head horizontal Part Position: MSP parallel with table top, IPL perp to table top, IOML is parallel with transverse axis of IR CR: Perp to bridge of nose, enters at a point 1/2 inch distal to nasion Collimated field: 3x3 inches, Field should extend from the glabella to the acathion and 1/2 inches beyond the top of the nose |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Nasial bones positioning | Patient Position: prone or seated erect, center MSP to midline of bucky Part Position: Rest chin tip on board, Place OML to form a 37 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp, MSP perp CR: perp to exit at a point midway between nasion and acanthion Collimated field: 3x3 inches |
| PA Axial (Caldwell) Nasal Bones Positioning | Patient Position: Seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on bucky Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, Exits nasion Collimated field: 3x3 inches |
| Submentovertical Zygomatic Arches | Patient Position: Seated erect or supine * If supine elevate thorax Part position: hyperextend neck to place IOML parallel with IR plane, Rest head on vertex, MSP perp to IR plane CR: perp to IOML, Enters MSP at level 1 inch posterior to outer canthi Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Zygomatic Arches Positioning | Patient position: Prone or seated erect, center MSP to midline of bucky Part position: Rest head on tip of extended chin, place OML to form 37 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp to IR, MSP perp to IR, Center IR to level of acanthion CR: Perp to exit acanthion Collimated Field: 8x10 inches |
| Tangential Zygomatic Arches Positioning | Patient Position: Seated upright with back against bucky, supine with trunk elevated Part Position: Hyperextend neck and rest head on vertex, IOML as parallel with IR plane as possible, rotate MSP of head 1 degrees toward side being examined, tilt top of head away from side being examined, center zygomatic arch to IR CR: perp to IOML, centered to zygomatic arch at a point of 1 in posterior to outer canthus Collimated Field: 8x10 inches |
| AP Axial (Modified Towne) Zygomatic Arches Positioning | Patient position: seated upright or supine Part Position: MSP perp to midline of grid, OML or IOML perp to IR plane CR: Angled 30 degrees caudad to enter glabella approximately 1 inch above nasion, If IOML used angle 37 degrees caudad Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| PA Mandible Positioning | Paitent position: prone or seated upright facing bucky Part position: Rest forehead and nose on IR, OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane CR: Perp to exit acanthion Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| PA axial Mandible positioning | Patient position: Prone or upright facing bucky, OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane CR: Directed 20 to 25 degrees cephalad, exits acanthion Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| AP Axial (Towne) Mandible positioning | Patient and part position: Supine or seated erect, MSP centered to midline, MSP perp, OML perp, anterior surface of mandibular symphysis parallel with IR plane, AML nearly perp to IR plane CR: Directed midway between the TMJ's, 30 degrees caudal Collimated Field: 8 x10 inches |
| PA modified waters mandible positioning | Part position: MSP centered to the midline of the grid head is rested on nose and chin, anterior surface of mandibular symphysis is parallel with IR plane, AML nearly perp with IR plane, MSP perp to plane of IR CR: Perp to level of the lips |
| Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible positioning | Part position: Lateral with IPL perp to IR, mouth closed with teeth together, Extend neck to place mandibular body parallel with transverse axis of IR, Adjust rotation of head to place area of interest parallel to IR *Ramus= head in true lateral *Body= Rotate head 30 degrees toward IR * Symphysis= Rotate head 45 degrees toward IR CR: Angled 25 degrees cephalad to pass directly through the mandibular region of interest Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| SMV Mandible Positioning | Part position: MSP centered to midline, IOML parallel with IR, MSP per to IR, neck fully extended resting on vertex CR: directed through the sella turcica perp to the IOML, enters MSP of throat between angles of the mandible, passes through a point 3/4 inch anterior to level of EAM Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| AP Axial (Modified Towne) TMJS Positioning | Patient positioning: Posterior skull in contact with bucky Part position: MSP of head perp to IR plane, OML perp to IR plane CR: Angled 35 degrees caudad, Centered midway between TMJs entering a point of 3 inches above nasion Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| Axiolateral (Modified Shuller) TMJs Positioning | Patient position: One exposure made with mouth open, and one made with mouth closed if possible Part Position: MSP parallel to plane of IR, IPL perp to IR plane, Affected side closest to IR in lat position CR: 25 to 30 degrees caudad, Enters 1/2 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to the upside of the EAM Collimated field: 8x10 inches |
| Axiolateral Oblique (modified Law) TMJs Positioning | Patient Position: Semiprone or seated upright, one exposure made with mouth open and one made with mouth closed if possible Part Position: Center a point 1/2 inch anterior to EAM to IR, Rest cheek against the grid device, rotate MSP 15 degrees toward IR, IPL perp to IR plane, AML parallel with transverse axis of IR CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, Exits through TMJ closer to IR, Enters approximately 1 1/2 inch superior to upside EAM Collimated Field: 8x10 inches |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Orbits Positioning | Patient Position: Center MSP to midline of bucky Part Positioning: tip of chin touches, OML forms a 37 degree angle with plane of IR, Mentomeatal line perp to IR, MSP perp to IR, Center IR to level of acanthion CR: Perp to acanthion Collimated field: 8x10 |
| Lateral Orbits Positioning | Patient Position: Semi-prone or seated upright, MSP parallel with plane of IR, IPL perp to IR plane Part Positioning: Outer canthus of affected eye adjacent and centered to midpoint of IR, Instruct patient to look straight ahead for exposure CR: Perp through outer canthus |
| PA Axial (Caldwell) Orbits Positioning | Patient Position: Forehead and nose resting on table or upright bucky Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane, IR centered to 3/4 inch distal to nasion, Instruct patient to close eyes and hold them still during exposure CR: 30 degrees caudad, Enters through the center of the orbits |
| Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Orbits Positioning | Part position: Rest head on extended chin, OML forms a 50 degree angle with IR plane, MSP perp to IR, Center IR to the level of center of orbits, Instruct patient to close eyes and hold them still during exposure CR: Perp through the mid-orbits |
| Lateral Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation | *All four sinus groups shown * sphenoidal sinus is best demonstrated *No Rotation or tilt of sinus anatomy -Sella turcica in profile -Superimposed orbital roofs -Super imposed mandibular rami *AP and superoinferior dimensions of paranasal sinuses *Thickness of frontal bone * Detail of side closest to IR |
| PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation | * Frontal sinuses above frontal suture *Anterior ethmoid air cells *Spenoid sinuses seen through nasal fossa bellow or between the ethmoids *Petrous pyramids in lower third of orbit *Frontal and ethmoids best demostrated |
| Parieoacanthial Projection (Waters Method) Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation | *Maxillary sinuses best demonstrated *Petrous pyramids lying Inferior to the maxillary floor * Frontal and ethmoid sinuses distorted |
| Parieoacanthial Projection (Open-Mouth Waters Method) Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation | *Sphenoid sinuses through open mouth *Maxillary sinuses *Petrous pyramids lying inferior to maxillary floor |
| What is the name for the largest paranasal sinuse? | Maxillary |
| What are the paranasal sinuses functions? | * Shock absorbers *Aid in warming and moisturizing inhaled air *Decrease the weight of the skull *Serve as a resonating chamber for the voice * Possibly control the immune system |
| When do maxillary sinuses develop? | At birth |
| When do frontal and spenoid sinuses start to develop? | 6 to 7 years of age |
| When are sinuses fully developed? | Around age 18 |
| The Skull is divided into how many groups? | two |
| What are the names of the two groups the skull is divided into? | Cranial bones and Facial bones |
| How many Cranial bones are there? | 8 |
| How many Facial bones ? | 14 |
| Define Diploe | Layer of spongy bone separating two outer plates of compact tissue |
| typical skull morphology | Mesocephalic |
| Lateral Cranium Image evaluation | *Entire cranium without rotation or tilt, demonstrated by: -superimposed orbital roofs and greator wings of spenoid -Superimposed mastoid regions and EAM -Superimposed TMJs -Sella turcica in profile * No overlap of cervical spine by mandible |
| PA projection Cranium Image evaluation | * Pa projection shows orbits filled by petrous ridges *Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous bone *Penetration of frontal bone with appropriate brightness at lateral borders of skull |
| PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Cranium Image evaluation | * Same as PA * Except demonstrates petrous pyramids lying in lower third of orbit |
| AP/AP Axial Cranium Image evaluation | * Same as PA and PA axial projections except AP projections are more magnified |
| AP Axial (Towne Method) Cranium Image evaluation | * Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visible with in foramen magnum * Penetration of occipital bone with appropriate brightness * Posterior aspects of the parietal bone and occipital bone are best demonstrated |
| PA Axial (Hass Method) Cranium Image evaluation | *Equal distances from lat borders of skull to lat margins of foramen magnum on both sides *Symmetric petrous pyramids ** Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visible with in foramen magnum |
| SMV Projection Cranium Image evaluation | *Mandibular condyles anterior to petrosae * Equal distances from lat borders of skull to mandibular condyles on both sides *Mental protuberances superimposed over anterior frontal bone |
| Lateral Facial Bones Image evaluation | * All facial bones in their entiret, with the zygomatic bones in the center * Almost perfectly superimposed mandibular rami * Superimposed orbital roofs *Sella turcia in profile |
| Parietoacnthial (Waters) Facial Bones Image Evaluation | *Maxilla and zygomatic arch best demonstrated * Petrous ridges projected immediately below the maxillary sinuses * Brightness and contrast demonstrates soft tissue and boney trabular detail |
| Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Facial Bones Image evaluation | * less axial angulation then the waters projection *Petrous ridges projected immediately below inferior border of the orbits, midway through maxillary sinuses * Best demonstrates blow out fractures of the orbits |
| Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) Facial bones Image evaluation | *Entire orbits and facial bones * Distances between lat borders of the skull and orbits are equal on each side *Petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses |
| PA Axial Caldwell Projection Facial bones Image evaluation | * Equal distance from the lateral borders of the skull to lateral borders of the orbits on both sides * Symmetric petrous ridges lying in the lower third of the orbit * Best demonstrates orbital rims, maxilla, nasal septums, zygomatic bones |
| Lateral Nasal Bones Image evaluation | *Nasal bones, anterior nasal spine, and frontal suture demonstrated * No rotation of nasal bones *Brightness and contrast demonstrates soft tissue and boney trabecular detail |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Nasal bones Image evaluation | *Boney nasal septum shown without rotation *Evidence of close collimation * Best shown for deviated bony nasal septum |
| PA Axial (Caldwell) Nasal bones Image evaluation | *Same as facial bones |
| Submentovertical Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation | * Zygomatic arches free from overlying structures * No rotation or tilt of head, evidenced by -zygomatic arches symmetric and without foreshortening |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation | * Best demonstrates orbits, maxillae, and zygomatic arches Same evaluation criteria as facial bones |
| Tangential Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation | * zygomatic arches free from overlying structures * Brightness and contrast demonstrate soft tissue and boney trabecular detail |
| AP Axial (Modified Towne) Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation | * No overlap of zygomatic arches by mandible * No Rotation or tilt |
| PA Mandible Image evaluation | *Entire mandible *No rotation or tilt, evidenced by -Mandibular body and rami symmetric on each side -MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field |
| PA Axial Mandible Image evaluation | *Entire mandible *No rotation or tilt, evidenced by -Mandibular body and rami symmetric on each side -MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field * Condylar processes |
| AP Axial (Towne) Mandible Image evaluation | * Best demonstrates mandibular body and TMJs *No rotation or tilt, evidenced by -symmetric rami -MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Mandible Image evaluation | Best demonstrates body of mandible |
| Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible Image evalution | * Ramus and body shown -no overlap of ramus by opposite side of mandiable -no elongation or foreshortening of ramus or body -No super imposition of Ramus of C-spine |
| Submentovertex mandiable image evaluation | * Condyles are anterior to the pars petrosa *MSP aligned to collimated field |
| AP Axial TMJ image evaluation | * no rotation of head * Minimal superimposition of petrosa on condyle in closed mouth position * Condyles and TMJ below pars petrosa in open mouth position |
| Axiolateral (Shuller) TMJ image evaluation | *Condyle in mandibular fossa in closed mouth exam * Condyle inferior to articular tubercle in open mouth exam |
| Axiolateral Oblique TMJ Image evaluation | * TMJ *Condyle lying in mandibular fossa in closed mouth position *Condyle lying inferior to articular tuberical in open-mouth position, if norma; |
| Parietoacanthial (Waters) Orbits image evaluation | *Entire orbits *MSP aligned with long axis of columated field |
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