Special Senses BMS 111

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Special Senses
Kimi Nyquist
Flowchart by Kimi Nyquist, updated more than 1 year ago
Kimi Nyquist
Created by Kimi Nyquist over 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Flowchart nodes

  • Special Senses     *Special Sensory Receptors -Localized- confined to the head region -Receptors are specialized receptor cells- not free ending sensory neurons
  • 1. Taste (gustation)   -Receptors classified as chemoreceptors -respond to chemicals
  • 5. Balance (equilibrium) -The ear- receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium -Composed of three main regions 1. External ear- hearing 2. Middle ear- hearing 3. Internal ear- hearing and equilibrium
  • 4. Hearing (audition) -The ear- receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium -Composed of three main regions 1. External ear- hearing 2. Middle ear- hearing 3. Internal ear- hearing and equilibrium
  • 3. Sight (vision) -Visual organ is the eye -70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye -40% of the cerebral cortex in involved in processing the visual information ​​
  • 2. Smell (olfaction)   -Receptors classified as chemoreceptors  -respond to chemicals
  • Taste receptors
  • Located in taste buds -most are found on the surface of the tongue
  • Most taste buds occur in projections of the tongue mucosa called papillae -3 types of papillae
  • Filiform papillae -on the anterior part of the tongue, roughens tongue, enabling it to grasp and manipulate food during chewing
  • Fungiform papillae -scattered over the entire surface of the tongue
  • Vallate papillae -arranged in and inverted v near the back of the tingue  
  • -each taste bud has 50-100 epithelial cells 
  • Three major cell types in taste buds
  • Gustatory epithelial cells (the sensory receptor cells)
  • Supporting Cells
  • Basal Epithelial Cells
  • Have long microvilli that extend through a taste pore   -Microvilli contain taste receptors
  • Innervated by three cranial nerves
  • Facial Nerve -Anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Glossopharyngeal -Posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Vagus Nerve -Epiglottis
  • -Olfactory sensory receptors are part of the olfactory epithelium  -located in the roof of the nasal cavities
  • Sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium are ciliated neurons
  • Cilia contain receptor proteins
  • Axons of olfactory sensory cells
  • Gather into bundles- filaments of the olfactory nerve
  • Pass through the skull
  • Synapse with neurons on the olfactory bulb
  • Axons from these neurons project to the limbic region, where smells elicit emotions, and to the cerebral cortex where conscious preception of odor occurs
  • Conjunctiva: thing membrane covering inside of eyelids and white of eye   Conjunctivitis: Irritation of the conjunctiva- often by bacteria or viruses. referred to as "pink eye"
  • Lacrimal Apparatus: Lacrimal glad- tear duct
  • Extrinsic eye muscles: -control movement of eyes and hold eyes in orbit -muscles insert on the eyeball
  • Innervation of extrinsic eye muscles
  • Occulomotor Nerve: Medial Rectus Lateral Rectus Superior Rectus Inferior Oblique
  • Trochlear Nerve: Superior Oblique
  • Abducens Nerve: Lateral Rectus
  • Strabismus -eyes do not align in the same direction -caused by weakness or paralysis of extrinsic eye muscles -Should be corrected as early as possible because disuse will cause pathways within the brain to degenerate
  • Layers of the eye
  • Vascular layer:
  • Inner Layer
  • The fibrous layer -Most external layer of the eyeball
  • Sclera -Posterior five-sixths of the tunic
  • Cornea -anterior one-sixth of the fibrous tunic
  • -White, opaque region -Provides shape and an anchor for eye muscles
  • Allows light to be transmitted into the eyeball
  • Choroid: Where blood vessels come in
  • Ciliary body: shapes the lens
  • Iris: Light regulator
  • Retina: -Innermost/ deepest layer -picks up light and sends to optic nerve -contains photoreceptors
  • Optic Nerve: runs from the eye to the brain to send visual stimulus to the brain
  • Composed of two layers
  • Pigmented layer: Single layer melanocytes
  • Neural layer: Sheet of nervous tissue
  • Photorecptors
  • Cone Cells: -Operate best in bright light -Enable high-acuity, color vision
  • Rod Cells: -More Sensitive to light -Allow vision in dim light
  • Outer (External) Ear:
  • The auricle (pinna) -helps direct sound
  • External acoustic canal (meatus) -Directs sound to the tympanic membrane -lined with skin (contains hair, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands)
  • Tympanic Membrane -Forms the boundary between the external and middle ear
  • Middle Ear: -ear ossicles- transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window
  • Ear ossicles  -transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window
  • Malleus: attaches to the eardrum
  • Incus: between the malleus and stapes
  • Stapes: Vibrates against the oval window
  • Oval window (deep to stapes)
  • Round window
  • Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
  • Entrance to mastoid antrum in the epitympanic recess
  • The Inner (Internal) ear
  • Bony labyrinth -a cavity consisting of three parts
  • Semicircular canals: -Equilibrium: rotational (angular) acceleration of the head
  • Vestibule-Utricle and saccule -Equilibrium: linear acceleration of head (gravity)
  • Cochlea -Hearing
  • Vestibular nerve -Equilibrium
  • Cochlear Nerve -Hearing
  • 2 main parts
  • Semicircular Canals -Equilibrium
  • Cochlea (snail) ​​​​​-hearing
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