Globalization - Positions in Held

Globalization - Positions in Held

1. different perspectives on globalization dominant in the 1990s

   • HYPERGLOBALIST PERSPECTIVE
     • Approach which sees globalization as a NEW EPOCH in human history.
       • This new epoch is characterized by the DECLINING RELEVANCE AND AUTHORITY OF NATION-STATES, brought (em grande parte) about largely through the economic logic of a global market. Economies are becoming “denationalized.”
     • While hyperglobalist scholars may agree on the general factors behind globalization and the likely outcome of this process, they disagree sharply over whether these forces are good or bad.
       • neo-liberal orientation
         • say that nearly all countries have a comparative advantage in one way or another within the global economy. There will be groups who will be worse off, but on the whole, the benefits are greater than in the past.
       • neo-Marxist orientation
         • Global capitalism, they believe, will only create and reinforce inequalities within and between countries.
       • Erosion of old patterns of stratification.
     • The Demise (MORTE) of the Nation-State
       • With increasing economic globalization, TRANSNATIONAL governance organizations will become increasingly important. The result is that NATIONALl governments will lose influence and be forced to operate increasingly according to rules they do not create.
         • Both assessments agree, however, that the fundamental reconfiguration of the global economy will spell the demise of the nation-state and the irrelevance of the welfare state. (Ambas as avaliações concordam, porém, que a reconfiguração fundamental da economia global vai significar o fim do Estado-nação e da irrelevância do Estado-Providência)
   • SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE
     • views current international processes as more by fragmented and regionalized than globalized
       • view GLOBAL CAPITALISM as a MYTH
         • Current processes show, at best, a regionalization.
           • The third world, say skeptical authors, is becoming increasingly marginalized.
     • The growth of multinational corporations does not mean that nation-states are no longer relevant for governing the flows of economic benefits.
       • Multinational corporations are still tied primarily to their home states or regions, and these ties produce benefits for these states or regions.
         • The power of national governments is growing.
     • Reject the notions of the development of a global culture or a global governance structure.
       • What is really going on, they argue, is that global governance structures and culture exist as a disguised version of neo-liberal economic strategies that benefit the West.
   • TRANSFORMATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
     • There is no single cause (that is, the market or economic logic) behind globalization
     • The outcome of processes of globalization is not determined.
       • the authors of the transformationalist perspective have a much less determinate understanding of the processes of globalization than authors from the other perspectives. For transformationalist authors, the range of factors influencing processes of globalization is much greater, and the outcomes are much less certain.
     • View the nature of national governments as changing (being reconstituted and restructured)
     • A new world order “architecture” is developing, though the exact nature of the emerging patterns of stratification are not yet clear.