SEMIOTICS

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• French structural linguist and semiotician. He is best known for his work on Indo-European languages and his expansion of the linguistic paradigm established by Ferdinand de Saussure. 

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   1. Benveniste´s theory is based on subjectivity, he explains that some words works like subjects because we dont know who they are talking about, so it is neccesary to see the context to know what they are refering to.
      1. A good example will be the pronouns "I" and "you". The I would refer to the referent (speaker subject) and the you would be the referee (the subject speech".
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• His writtings on semiotics were called the formal study of symbols and signs, they help to establish structuralism and the new criticism as leading intellectual movements.

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   1. According to Barthes a sign is formed in two different ways: denotation and connotation

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      • Denotation: is the meaning you get from a dictionary. Connotation: is the idea or interpretation you have about a word
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• His belief was that there has to be a trascendental signified for the difference between signifier and signified to be somewhere absolute and irreducible

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   1. According to Derrida the signifiers (words) mean more than the signifieds given (dictionary). Derrida mentioned the game of signification, which means the simbolic attributes words have. He also based his theory in the "deconstruction" that is a term for the critical examination of the fundamental conceptual distinctions or "oppositions"
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• -Swiss linguistic and father of the 20 century linguistics -he belief that language is a system of signs that express ideas.

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   1. Saussure´s model of the sign refers only to a concept and not a thing

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      • -the sign is compound by a signified: the concept or idea that comes to our mind, and a signifier: that is the form the sign takes, it can be a visual, spoken, written and auditive form.
      1. Example: the word "bat", the signifier is the word itself taking a visual form, in the other hand we have the signifier that is the idea or concept of the word "bat" that comes to our minds. In this case you can see that is the animal, but if we only see the word bat, we can also think that is the object that a baseball player use to hit the ball.

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• pierce said that we have direct experience but indirect knowledge of reality

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   • The sign can be represented in three ways: -Icon -Simbol -Index
   1. According to Pierce a sign is something which stands to somebody in respect or capacity. a sign needs to have an interpretant, a representamen and an object, when this three get together they create a semiosis.
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