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1. means that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it.

   • I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.
     • Julie could have bought the book, but she borrowed it from the library instead.

2. means that something wasn't possible in the past, even if you had wanted to do it.

   • I couldn't have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam
     • He couldn't have passed the exam, even if he had studied harder. It's a really, really difficult exam.

3. Meaning

   • examples

4. Could have

5. Should have

   • can mean something that would have been a good idea, but that you didn't do it. It's like giving advice about the past when you say it to someone else, or regretting what you did or didn't do when you're talking about yourself
     • His plane should have arrived by now
       • John should have finished work by now
   • We can also use should have + past participle to talk about something that, if everything is normal and okay, we think has already happened. But we're not certain that everything is fine, so we use 'should have' and not the present perfect or past simple. It's often used with 'by now
     • His plane should have arrived by now (= if everything is fine, the plane has arrived).
       • John should have finished work by now (= if everything is normal, John has finished work).

6. Would have

   • The third conditional
     • We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past the participle in the second part of the sentence:

7. JUAN JOSE RAMIREZ, SANTIAGO MELGAREJO