Cells and Control.

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Bibliografia:
Ferran Gros Muñoz
Mind Map by Ferran Gros Muñoz, updated more than 1 year ago
Ferran Gros Muñoz
Created by Ferran Gros Muñoz almost 3 years ago
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Cells and Control.
  1. Cell division.
    1. Growth.
      1. What is growth?
        1. Growth, the increases in cell size and number that take place during the life history of an organism.
        2. Which process does plants use to growth?
          1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture food, mainly sugars, from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll (a green pigment), utilizing light energy and releasing oxygen and water. Together the quality, quantity, and duration of light influences plant growth.
          2. Which process does animals use to growth?
            1. Mitosis.
              1. What is Mitosis?
                1. Mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the genetic information.
                2. What are the four stages of Mitosis
                  1. Interphase
                    1. During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA. During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells.
                    2. Prophase
                      1. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
                      2. Anaphase
                        1. Anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is made of many long proteins called microtubules, which are attached to a chromosome at one end and to the pole of a cell at the other end. The sister chromatids are separated simultaneously at their centromeres. The separated chromosomes are then pulled by the spindle to opposite poles of the cell.
                        2. Telophase
                          1. Telophase is the fifth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.
                          2. Metaphase
                            1. Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores
                        3. (The process of mitosis generates new cells that are genetically identical to each other. Mitosis helps organisms grow in size and repair damaged tissue.).
                      3. Stem Cells.
                        1. Uses and disadvantages of Stem Cells.
                          1. Disadvantages
                            1. The use of embryonic stem cells for research involves the destruction of blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs.
                              1. The use of embryonic stem cells for research involves the destruction of blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs.
                                1. Embryonic stem cells may not be the solution for all ailments
                                  1. According to a new research, stem cell therapy was used on heart disease patients. It was found that it can make their coronary arteries narrower.
                                    1. A disadvantage of most adult stem cells is that they are pre-specialized, for instance, blood stem cells make only blood, and brain stem cells make only brain cells.
                                      1. These are derived from embryos that are not a patient's own and the patient's body may reject them.
                                        1. One of the main disadvantges found in the treatments using Stem Cells, is the alteration or rejection from the body cells that could cause cancer.
                                        2. Uses
                                          1. Since stem cells have the ability to turn into various other types of cells, scientists believe that they can be useful for treating and understanding diseases. According to the Mayo Clinic, stem cells can be used to: grow new cells in a laboratory to replace damaged organs or tissues correct parts of organs that don’t work properly research causes of genetic defects in cells research how diseases occur or why certain cells develop into cancer cells test new drugs for safety and effectiveness
                                            1. It provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to a variety of diseases including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, spinal cord injuries, diabetes and many more.
                                              1. An advantage of the usage of adult stem cells to treat disease is that a patient's own cells could be used to treat a patient
                                                1. Embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell types of the body, and may then be more versatile than adult stem cells.
                                              2. What are the Stem Cells?
                                                1. Stem cells are special cells produced by bone marrow (a spongy tissue found in the centre of some bones) that can turn into different types of blood cells. The 3 main types of blood cell they can become are: red blood cells – which carry oxygen around the body white blood cells – which help fight infection platelets – which help stop bleeding A stem cell transplant involves destroying any unhealthy blood cells and replacing them with stem cells removed from the blood or bone marrow.
                                                2. Where we can find stem cells (In the huma body).
                                                  1. Adult stem cells have been found in the brain, bone marrow, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, and other (although not all) organs and tissues. They are thought to live in a specific area of each tissue, where they may remain dormant for years, dividing and creating new cells only when they are activated by tissue injury, disease or anything else that makes the body need more cells.
                                                  2. Where can we find stem cells (in animals).
                                                    1. All of the specialised cells in an animal develop from stem cells. An early animal embryo contains stem cells that have the potential to divide and develop into any type of specialised body cell. As the embryo grows and develops, its stem cells divide to produce cells that develop into the different types of specialised cell it will need to make functioning tissues and organs.
                                                    2. How many years can the Stem Cells live?
                                                      1. Storing the stem cells – and accessing them in the future Once frozen, the stem cells can be stored for many years and currently, research has proven that they remain viable for at least 25 years.
                                                  3. Nervous & Sensory System.
                                                    1. Neurons.
                                                      1. What are Neurons?
                                                        1. Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.
                                                        2. How neurons communicate?
                                                          1. Electrcial impulses
                                                            1. An electrical nerve impulse travels along the first axon. When the nerve impulse reaches the dendrites at the end of the axon, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse (the gap between the two neurons). The chemicals bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neuron. The receptor molecules on the second neuron can only bind to the specific neurotransmitters released from the first neuron. The binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors stimulates the second neuron to transmit an electrical impulse along its axon. The signal therefore has been carried from one neuron to the next.
                                                        3. Reflexes.
                                                          1. What are Reflexes?
                                                            1. In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned, sequence of action and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. A reflex is made possible by neural pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain.
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