Comparing and Contrasting First and Second Language Acquisition Implications for Language Teachers

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Comparing and Contrasting First and Second Language Acquisition Implications for Language Teachers
  1. Similarities between First and Second Language Acquisition
    1. Developmental Sequences
      1. Rod Ellis (1984)
        1. covers the idea of developmental sequences in detail and outlines three developmental stages
          1. The silent period
            1. Children acquiring their first language go through a period of listening to the language they are exposed to.
            2. Formulaic speech
              1. Expressions which are learnt as unanalysable wholes and employed on particular occasions (Lyons, 1968, cited in Ellis, 1994)
                1. These expressions can have the form of routines ,Krashen (1982)
              2. Structural and semantic simplification.
                1. Structural simplifications take the form of omitting grammatical functors (e.g. articles, auxiliary verbs) and semantic simplifications take the form of omitting content words (e. g. nouns, verbs).
        2. Acquisition Order
          1. Acquiring grammatical morphemes
          2. Linguistic Universals and Markedness
            1. Generative school
              1. Chomsky
                1. Approaches to linguistic universals
              2. Typological universals
                1. Greenberg (1966, in Ellis 1994)
              3. Input
                1. "Language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn” (Richards et al., 1989, p. 143)
                  1. Crucial Language Acquisition
                2. Behavioristic Views of Language Acquisition
                  1. Operant conditioning.(Pavlov,B.F.Skinner)
                    1. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), Vygotsky (1982)
                    2. Differences in First and Second Language Acquisition
                      1. The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis Krashen, (1982)
                        1. The Critical Period Hypothesis
                          1. Neurological Considerations
                            1. Lateralization makes it difficult for people to be able ever again to easily acquire fluent control of the second language or native-like pronunciation. (Thomas Scovel 1969 )
                            2. Psychomotor Consideration
                              1. The decline of the flexibility in the speech muscles, prevents adult second language learners to reach native-like pronunciation in the second language
                                1. (Brown, 1994).
                              2. Affective Considerations
                                1. Inhibition, attitudes, anxiety, and motivation
                                2. Fossilization
                                  1. The possible causes for fossilization are suggested to be age ,lack of desire to articulate and lack of learning opportunity
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