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Description
Mind Map by Stiven Villa, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Stiven Villa
almost 10 years ago
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PROTECTING ORACLE PL/SQL SOURCE CODE FROM A DBA USER
- ORACLE DATABASE SECURITY
- Authentication Oracle allows for various types of authentication. Oracle-based authentication allows for Oracle
database accounts with user-ids and strong passwords which are encrypted with a modified DES algorithm for
each database connection. Oracle passwords are stored in an encrypted format in the data dictionary. Each
session key is unique, which means the key is not re-used in any other session. Oracle also supports
authentications based on the operating system’s user accounts which are then passed on to Oracle RDBMS
- Profiles Oracle makes use of profiles to allow the database administrator to place specific restrictions, rules and
controls on a number of system resources, password usage lifetime and various Oracle products. These profiles
can be named, defined, and then assigned to groups of users or to specific users. There are two types of profiles
as bellow.
- System resource profiles: Those profiles can be used to put user limits on certain system resources such as
memory, CPU time, the number of data blocks that can be read per session, the number of concurrent active
sessions, idle time, and the maximum connection time for a user, etc. Also, they can be used to define and
enforce password rules such as account lockout after a number of failed login attempts, password life, etc
- Product profiles: To prevent users from accessing specific commands or all commands in Oracle SQL,
SQL/Plus, and PL/SQL. Use of this option allows the administrator to do such things as prevent user access to
the operating system
- System resource profiles: Those profiles can be used to put user limits on certain system resources such as
memory, CPU time, the number of data blocks that can be read per session, the number of concurrent active
sessions, idle time, and the maximum connection time for a user, etc. Also, they can be used to define and
enforce password rules such as account lockout after a number of failed login attempts, password life, etc
- Privileges By default, Oracle relational database management system does not give any privileges to new
users. New users must be given privileges before they create database connection and execute any database
operation. Oracle users cannot do anything unless they have the specific privilege to do so. There are too many
privileges in Oracle database management systems that can be given, around 100 in all. There are two different
types of privileges available to be granted to any user. They are system and object privileges.
- Roles Roles are used to make easy the management process of assigning privileges to users. Roles are first
created and then given different system and object privileges that can be assigned to users. Oracle database
users can be given multiple roles even if they have the same privileges. It is much easier to create group of
privileges that are organized into roles and then assign the role to one or more users.
- Protecting Data Integrity Oracle relational database management system provides several features to ensure
data integrity in different cases such system failure, human error, or attacks. These features include redo log
files, rollback segments, and LogMiner. All data changes are recorded in at least two redo log files that are
maintained by Oracle. In the event of a system failure or data corruption, the last good backup and the redo log
should be restored to bring the system back to the state it was before the corruption or data loss.
- Authentication Oracle allows for various types of authentication. Oracle-based authentication allows for Oracle
database accounts with user-ids and strong passwords which are encrypted with a modified DES algorithm for
each database connection. Oracle passwords are stored in an encrypted format in the data dictionary. Each
session key is unique, which means the key is not re-used in any other session. Oracle also supports
authentications based on the operating system’s user accounts which are then passed on to Oracle RDBMS
- PL/SQL SOURCE CODE BLOCKS AND WRAPPING PROCESS PL/SQL stands for Procedural
Language/SQL. PL/SQL extends SQL by adding constructs found in procedural languages, resulting in a
structural language that is more powerful than SQL Typical uses include data validation (integrated into the
database) or access control mechanisms. Furthermore, they can consolidate and centralize logic that was
originally implemented in applications
- Overhead: Because stored statements are stored directly in the database, they may remove all or part of the
compilation overhead that is typically required in situations where software applications send inline SQL
statements to a database
- Avoidance of network traffic: A major advantage with stored pl/sql object is that they can run directly within the
database engine. In a production system, this typically means that the procedures run entirely on a specialized
database server, which has direct access to the data being accessed
- Wrapping Process Wrapping is the process of hiding PL/SQL source code. Wrapping helps developers to
protect their source code from any user who can benefit or might misuse it. Wrapping a package causes the
code to be obfuscated, that is to say made unreadable by programmers, so that the code cannot be readily stolen,
or looked through by hackers for weaknesses to exploit, thus protecting the intellectual property of the
programming company.
- Wrap utility: The wrap utility is an external application which processes an input SQL file which contains
different statements and wraps the PL/SQL units in it, such as a function, procedure, package, type specification,
or type body.
- DBMS_DDL subprograms: The DBMS_DDL package contains
procedures for wrapping only a single PL/SQL unit, such as a function,
procedure, package, type specification, or type body.
- Wrap utility: The wrap utility is an external application which processes an input SQL file which contains
different statements and wraps the PL/SQL units in it, such as a function, procedure, package, type specification,
or type body.
- Limitations of Wrapping Wrapping process is not recommended for hiding passwords or table names because
is not a secure method. Wrapping does not hide the source code for database triggers. To prevent users from
examining the source code workings of a trigger, a one-line trigger that invokes a wrapped subprogram is
necessary. Wrapping process does not detect syntax or semantic errors. Wrapped PL/SQL units are not
downward-compatible between Oracle Database releases they are only upward-compatible.
- Unwrapping Process In old versions of Oracle we can almost easily deduce the original source code of PL/SQL package
from the wrapped code produced. In version 10g and 11i of Oracle Finnigan claims that unwrapping is almost the same as
for 9i version, though some it is more difficult now because new wrap mechanism is provided, the symbol table is no longer
visible, used base64 encryption
- PROTECTING PL/SQL OBJECTS BY DISABLING DML/DDL STATEMENTS TO ANY USER To protect PL/SQL objects
is necessary to disable DDL statements like create, replace and some DML statements oriented to the static data dictionary
views. To prevent execution of any DML/DDL statements on some object we must monitor every user session and analyze
every SQL statements before their execution. We developed some scripts which can prevent any unauthorized user to execute
DML/DDL statements over any database object
- Overhead: Because stored statements are stored directly in the database, they may remove all or part of the
compilation overhead that is typically required in situations where software applications send inline SQL
statements to a database
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