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Theories of Crime/Deviance
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Mind Map on Theories of Crime/Deviance, created by 06mcdonnelleli on 13/06/2014.
Mind Map by
06mcdonnelleli
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06mcdonnelleli
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Resource summary
Theories of Crime/Deviance
Functionalism
DURKHEIM
Inevitable, Universal, Relative, Functional (reinforces boundaries preventing anomie.
- Doesn't explain causes.
MERTON
Crime exists because society shares American Dream.
Not everyone can achieve lawfully.
STRAIN between ambitions and ability.
Responses: Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
+ Messner & Rosenheld: explains why Japan low crime US high.
+Nightingale; found Philidelphia gangs wanted latest goods, did this illegally.
- Doesn't explain crimes without £$ gain.
- Determinist
- Official Statistics, interpretivists don't like
- Accepts official stat w-c=criminal, what about corporate? MARXISTS
Subcultural Theorists
COHEN
w-c delinquent due to status frustration
Can't gain status via academic success so through delinquency.
CLOWARD & OHLIN
w-c boys join gangs - status through promotion = commit crimes to get promoted.
MILLER
w-c 'focal concerns' differ from consensus values
Focal concerns mean more likely to get in trouble e.g. 'laugh' 'toughness'
DOWNES found no evidence of; focal c's or status frustration in UK
MATZA, determinist, people actually 'float' in/out of gangs not STUCK.
Marxist Subcultural Theory
w-c boys disadvantaged under cap. = gangs and crime as form of 'resistance' against cap.
+ 'Skinheads' 60s, w-c 'uniform' bc loosing their culture
- suggesting crime is 'god'?
Marxism
Capitalism is a crime as it is based on exploitation.
And it causes crime because of it's values e.g. 'competition'.
SUPPORTING MERTON?
The real criminals are those - corporate crime/white-collar (SLAPPER&TOMBS)
We are manipulated into thinking these crimes aren't really that major - so won't challenge cap. and rebel.
Not really punished 'fines'
- Why do communist countries have crime then?
Environmental Theory
SHAW&McKAY
Chicago, 'concentric zones'.
Zone nearest city = crime bc 'zone of transition' - low sense of 'community due to high population turnover.
Cultural Transmission - poorest parts of city crime = 'norm' passed through genertaions.
'Problem Families' TIPPING - BALDWIN&BOTTOMS
Broken Windows Theory
GILL - LUKE STREET
SUTHERLAND&CRESSEY 'differential association'
Determinist? not so easily influenced?
Privatisation public space, Nocturnal economy
Social Action theory
Labelling
BECKER - 'self-fulfilling prop', 'master label' 'deviant career'.
M-C use 'cultural capital' t talk way out of crimes, why w-c seem more crim. - official stats = constructs
JOCK YOUNG 'hippies' - 'deviancy amplification'
CHAMBLISS 'Saints & Roughnecks' & RDU
BRAITHWITE - 'shaming' - 'disintegrative'=reoffending marginalised.
+ countries with 'integrative' lower reoffending rates.
Postmodernists
Identity choice.
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