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915825
Genetics and Evolution
Description
Mind Map on Genetics and Evolution, created by glesni.prytherch on 22/05/2014.
Mind Map by
glesni.prytherch
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Resource summary
Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian Inheritance
Law of Segregation:
alleles segregate independently when forming gametes
Law of Independent Assortment
segregation of one pair of alleles is independent to that of another
Homozygous
2 identical alleles
Heterozygous
one dominant and one recessive allele
Monohybrid Cross
3:1 Phenotype Ratio
1:2:1 Genotype ratio
Dihybrid Cross
9:3:3:1 Phenotype Ratio
16 different genotypes
Pedigree Analysis
Autosomal Dominant
not sex linked
affected parent = affected individual
Autosomal Recessive
need 2 alleles to inherit disease
not sex linked
X Linked Dominant
dominant gene carried on X chromosome
both sexes affected equally
X Linked Recessive
recessive X gene on X chromosome
only 1 sex affected
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Inherited via mum
all offspring is affected
Gene Interactions
Complete Dominance
classic Mendelian inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
Heterozygote phenotype is intermediate
Co-Dominance
both homozygotes displayed
Epistasis
<4 phenotypes
can produce 9 different ratios
Variable Penetrance
no. of individuals carrying particular allele
Variable Expressitivity
the extent to which a genotype expresses it's phenotype
Linkage and Recombination
Incomplete Linkage
60% parental, 40% recombination
closer together = more likely to be linked
further apart = more likely to have double crossovers which can undo first crossover
Linkage- Recom. freq <50%
Independent Assortment, = 50% recomb freq
Complex Genetic Traits
Continuous Variation
variation from one extreme to another
Discontinuous Variation
phenotype is one thing or another
Variance
Vp = Vg + Ve
Vg = Va + Vd
Additive
each allele contributes to phenotype additivetly
Dominance
either allele can show dominance
Environmental
Environment has effect on variance along with genetics
Heritability
Narrow
h2 = Va / Vp
Broad
H2 = Vg / Vp
Meristic Traits
polygenic and environ. determination
phenotype expressed as a whole number
Threshold Traits
polygenic and environ. determination
2 states- affected or unaffected
Genetic Mapping
DNA Polymorphisms
RFLPs
SNPs
VNTRs/STRs
Genetic Structure of Populations
Population Genetics
applies genetic principles to entire populations of organisms
Subpopulation
population unit, a.k.a local population
Gene Pool
all alleles in a population
Genotype Freq.
proportion of indiv. in population wtih specific genotype
Allele Freq.
proportion of each indiv. allele in a population
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
p2 + 2pq + q1 =1
Inbreeding
combine alleles of common ancestry
Leads to genes becoming fixed and loss of variation
Commercial use in plants
Heterosis
rapid growth, larger size, bigger crop yield
Forces of Evolutionary Change
Mutastion
ultimate source of variation
caused by UV and chemicals
Modes of Natural Selection
Stabilizing Selection
intermediate favoured over extreme phenotypes
Directional Selection
change in environ. drives selection towards certain phenotype
Diversifying Selection
creates 2 peaks- 2 outlying phenotypes preferred
Balancing Selection
Heterozygote advantage
Migration
movement of alleles between population
Genetic Drift
can fix genes in population after interbreeding
Selection
Evolution
process of change in inherited characters of a population over successive generations
Individual Fitness
ability to survive and reproduce
Genotype Fitness
mean fitness of all people in the population with genotype
Relative Fitness
standardised measure relative to fittest genotype
made up of survival and reproductive components
Drivers of Natural Selection
changing environment
random mutation
Sexual Selection
selection that favours traits that increase reproductive success
Intra Sexual
competition for mates
Inter Sexual
mate choice
Speciation and Species
Micro-evolution
evolution within population/species
Macro-evolution
evolution within taxa
Speciation
2 species formed from one and cannot reproduce any more
Allopatric
physical isolation
Peripatric
geographical isolation
Mating Mechanisms
Pre
ecological, seasonal, sexual, mechanical
Post
gametic isolation, hybrid viability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown
Species
Sibling
2 species similar in morphology
Sub
distinguishable by more than one character
Phylogeny
Cladogenesis
splitting of evolutionary lineages to form clades
Monophyletic
all related
Paraphyletic
ancestor and some descendants related
Polyphyletic
2 convergent descendants but no common ancestor
Anagenesis
change within species over time
Terminology
Plesiomorphy
character state found in ancestor of group
Apomorphy
derived character state in descendants
Symplesiomorphy
shared ancestral character state
Synapomorphy
shared derived character state
Altruism
An action which increases fitness of another whilst reducing fitness of actor
Mechanisms
Group Selection
Kin Selection
Reciprocal Altruism
Status
Hamilton's Rule
rb-c > 0
Biodiversity and Conervation
Levels
Genetic
Organism
Ecosystem
Species-Area Relationship
lower latitude = more diverse
larger areas = more species
Threats to biodiversity
Human activity = biggest threat
6th mass extinctions?
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