Congo- Secession of Katanaga

What efforts did the Congo make to end the secession of Katanaga?
1. Intro: Gov of Congo- force and negotiate, but failed. The UN ceased it instead.
2. Reason 1:
  1. 1.Tshombe announces independence, Lamumba gets no military help.
  2. 2. Lumumba calls in UN
  3. 3. UN Sec. Gen Dag Hammarskgold agrees to send troops to Congo.
  4. UN refuses to use force.
3. Reason 2:
  1. 1. Lamumba then gets USSR support.
  2. 2. He needed weapons + vehicles.
  3. Americans fear (Cold War)
4. Reason 3:
  1. 1. Congolese army not strong enough.
  2. 2. Different power groups.
    1. A) Central Gov. LV
    2. B) Tshombe, Katanga
    3. C) Lamumba, SV
    4. D) Kasai
5. Reason 4:
  1. 1. Divisions, Kasavubu/ Lamumba
6. Reason 5:
  1. Attempts at Negotiation:
    1. 1. Tananrive Conference 1961
    2. 2. Conquilhatcille Conference '61
    3. 3. Tshombe arrested at Conqui Conference. Released.
    4. 4.Kitona Agreement '61
    5. 5. Tshombe recongnised as central gov. But Kantagan ministers reject this.
7. End:
  1. UN End Independence
    1. 1. Peace Keeping = Peace Forcing
      1. Why?
        1. Lamumba had been executed. Katanga= blame.
        2. Pres. Kennedy wanted one state.
        A) US want control of uranium and cobalt.
        i) Nuclear and Space Program
        NO COMMUNISTS!
      2. How?
        1. Resolution 161, '61, UN authorised.
        2. Operation Rumpunch, Aug '61, round up mercenaries, failed.
        3. Op. Morthor failed, Tshombe fled to Rhodesia. (Was for same thing)
    2. Resolution 169
      1. 1. Reject claim of Kantagan Indo. State. Force agreed to be used.
      2. 2. Op. Unokat undertaken which results in talks with TS but failed after 1 year.
      3. 3. Hammar dies in plane crash. New UN sec proposes force if no agreement.
      4. 4. Jan '63 seccession ended.
Why did Katanga secede from the Congo?
1. Intro:
  1. 1. 11th July '60, Tshombe announced Katanaga was to seceede from demo. rep of Congo, led by Pres. Kasavubu and PM Lamumba.
    1. A) Influenced by other new indo African countries.
      1. i) Most British colonies indo: 1957- 1964
    2. B) Katanga: If Congo gets indo from Belgium, We can from Congo.
2. Reason 1:
  1. 1. TS, CONAKAT favoured a fed gov, for structure of Congo.
    1. A) Confideration of the Asscotiation of Tribes in Kantaga Party (CONAKAT)
  2. 2. Kat developed different under Belgium rule.
  3. 3. Pop by the Lunda tribe and was distant from Leopoldville
  4. 4. Tribal conflict: Authentic Kats/ Foreigners from Kasai to work in mines.
  5. 5. Natives would protect TS, ideas brought to Round Table conference in Brussels.
  6. 6. TS wanted fed gov with all three states. But did not succeed.
  7. 7. Lamumba, Leader of Movement National Congele, wanted strong central gov and succeeded.
3. Reason 2:
  1. 1. Belg gov and Belg Mining comp ( Union Miniere) wanted TS to keep Kat indo for econom reasons for Kat was rich in minerals. Union M made large profits from these.
  2. 2. Belg also benefited through trade and wanted to protect investments.
  3. 3. They feared choas of military mutiny from Congolese army. White settlers fled to Rhodesia and Congolese army was expelled from Kat. Local troops helped Belgian troops then.
4. Reason 3:
  1. 1. TS and Kat feared rule of Lam because of red opinions. Feared to be another Cuba.
  2. 2. Lum feared to take mines.
  3. 3. TS would then lose taxes from Union M, who would lose $.
  4. 4. Lam not strong enough to prevent secession. Army mutinied. Belg troops restore order, No UN troops. Kat secceded.
5. Reason 4:
  1. 1. TS and Kat were in strong position to resist Congolese gov. Could pay Belg mercs and army who organised Kat military.
  2. 2. Sec lasted 2 and 1/2 years until UN moved in to peace keep/ enforce and took over Katanga to bring back into Congo in Jan 1963
What was the impact of the secession of Katanga on the Congo?
1. Reasons:
  1. 1. Role of UN, US and USSR
  2. 2. Assassination of Lamumba
  3. 3. Rise of Mobutu and dictatorship
  4. 4. Role of Congolese army
  5. 5. Include takeover 1965
  6. 6. Economy and admin system of the Congo was wrecked for next 30 years
  7. 8. Africanisation
  8. 7. Corruption of Mobu and wastefulness
    1. Joseph Mobutu (Sese Siko)
      1. A) Com. Chief of Congolese Army
      2. B) After sec, defeated all uprisings.
      3. C) Created military dictatorship, got US Cold War support
      4. D) Over next 30 years bled country of resources
      5. E) Instrumental for turning over Lam to Kat regime
  9. 9. Take over of industry, economic crisis and war
Why did the attempt of secession by Katanga end in failure?
1. 1. Efforts of Congo gov to end sec
2. 2. Assassination of Lam
3. 3. Role of UN
4. 4. Role of US, Belg and African states
5. 5. Failure of Kat to gain international recognition
6. 6. Divisions within Kat

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Congo- Secession of Katanaga

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