118248
Description
Mind Map by jasmin.sahota, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jasmin.sahota
almost 12 years ago
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Metal
Extraction
- Iron
- Iron found as Fe3O4 and Fe2O3
- major impurity = silica SiO2
- reduction by carbon
in the blast furnace
- USES COKE
- can produce up to 10,000 tonnes a day
- they run continiously
- at bottom of furnace, coke is burned in hot air
- heat is generated, exothermic
- temperature = 2000K
- melting point = 1808K
- CO2 formed which reacts with more C to form CO
- C(s)+O2(g)-->CO2(g)
- CO2(g)+C(s)-->2CO(g)
- Carbon monoxide is the reducing agent
- Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)-->2Fe(l)+3CO2(g)
- Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)-->2Fe(l)+3CO2(g)
- Carbon monoxide is the reducing agent
- CO2(g)+C(s)-->2CO(g)
- C(s)+O2(g)-->CO2(g)
- melting point = 1808K
- temperature = 2000K
- heat is generated, exothermic
- at bottom of furnace, coke is burned in hot air
- they run continiously
- USES COKE
- reduction by carbon
in the blast furnace
- major impurity = silica SiO2
- iron mixed with
other element to
make alloys
- chromium and nickel used
to make stainless steel
- chromium and nickel used
to make stainless steel
- Iron found as Fe3O4 and Fe2O3
- Manganese oxide and copper oxide
- copper carbonate to copper oxide
- CuCO3--> CuO+CO2
- then heated WITH COKE
- 2CuO(s) +C(s)-->2Cu(l)+CO2(g)
- 2CuO(s) +C(s)-->2Cu(l)+CO2(g)
- then heated WITH COKE
- CuCO3--> CuO+CO2
- now copper is converted to a solution with Cu2+ ions
- done by spraying dilute acid in the presence of bacterium
- copper is extracted by reduction with scrap iron
- Cu2+(aq)+Fe(s)-->Cu(s)+Fe2+(aq)
- economic sense as copper is more expensive than iron
- scrap iron is very cheap and avaliable
- no CO2 is produced
- uses less energy than copper with carbon
- although iron has to be extracted first, which used iron originally
- although iron has to be extracted first, which used iron originally
- uses less energy than copper with carbon
- no CO2 is produced
- scrap iron is very cheap and avaliable
- economic sense as copper is more expensive than iron
- Cu2+(aq)+Fe(s)-->Cu(s)+Fe2+(aq)
- copper is extracted by reduction with scrap iron
- done by spraying dilute acid in the presence of bacterium
- copper carbonate to copper oxide
- Tungsten
- moderately rare
- abundance in the Earth's crust
- used in bulb filaments
- due to high melting point
- because of high melting point
- CANNOT BE REDUCED
BY CARBON
- because carbide is formed
- extracted from WO3
- by reduction with
Hydrogen at high temp
- WO3+3H2-->W+3H2O
- WO3+3H2-->W+3H2O
- by reduction with
Hydrogen at high temp
- extracted from WO3
- because carbide is formed
- CANNOT BE REDUCED
BY CARBON
- because of high melting point
- due to high melting point
- used in bulb filaments
- abundance in the Earth's crust
- moderately rare
- Aluminium
- ELECTROLYSIS
- it is extracted from bauxite, Al2O3
- oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite, Na2AlF6
- melts at 1240K, compared to 2345K
- electrolysed in currents of 300,000A
- aluminium is produced at the negative electrode (steel casing)
- (2Al3+)+(6e-)-->2Al
- oxygen at the positive electrode (made of carbon)
- (3O2-)-->1.5O2+6e-
- overall process is the decomposition of Al2O3
- Al2O3-->2Al +1.5O2
- continuous, and kept molten by heat
- Al is a liquid
- O2 mixes with C electrode to become CO2
- hence C electrode has to be replaced regularly
- expensive because of the electricity needed
- expensive because of the electricity needed
- hence C electrode has to be replaced regularly
- O2 mixes with C electrode to become CO2
- Al is a liquid
- continuous, and kept molten by heat
- Al2O3-->2Al +1.5O2
- overall process is the decomposition of Al2O3
- (3O2-)-->1.5O2+6e-
- oxygen at the positive electrode (made of carbon)
- (2Al3+)+(6e-)-->2Al
- aluminium is produced at the negative electrode (steel casing)
- electrolysed in currents of 300,000A
- melts at 1240K, compared to 2345K
- oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite, Na2AlF6
- it is extracted from bauxite, Al2O3
- ELECTROLYSIS
- Ti
- reduced by a more reactive metal
- strong, low density and non-corrosive
- relatively abundant
- TiO CANNOT BE
REDUCED BY CARBON
- as produced Ti carbide (brittle)
- reduced using sodium, or magnesium
- very expensive
- convert from TiO to TiCl4
- by reacting with coke and chlorine
- at 1173K
- TiO2(s)+2C(s)_2Cl(g)-->TiCl4(l)+2CO(g)
- TiCl4 is purified using distillation
- TiCl4 is purified using distillation
- TiO2(s)+2C(s)_2Cl(g)-->TiCl4(l)+2CO(g)
- at 1173K
- by reacting with coke and chlorine
- convert from TiO to TiCl4
- very expensive
- reduced using sodium, or magnesium
- as produced Ti carbide (brittle)
- TiO CANNOT BE
REDUCED BY CARBON
- relatively abundant
- strong, low density and non-corrosive
- reduced by a more reactive metal
- reduction of TiCl4
- with sodium under inert argon atmosphere at 1300K
- argon is needed to prevent the metals from
reacting with nitrogen and oxygen in air
- TiCl4(l)+4Na(l)-->Ti(l)+4NaCla(l)
- Magnesium is another reactive
metal that can also be used
- this is a batch process
- less efficient
- as has to be heated back up to operating temps after each batch is removed
- as has to be heated back up to operating temps after each batch is removed
- less efficient
- this is a batch process
- Magnesium is another reactive
metal that can also be used
- TiCl4(l)+4Na(l)-->Ti(l)+4NaCla(l)
- argon is needed to prevent the metals from
reacting with nitrogen and oxygen in air
- with sodium under inert argon atmosphere at 1300K
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