Ex. Wealthy people from cold places in
Canada and the Northern US travel to
places where it's warmer.
Nomadism
PERIODIC MOVEMENT
Involves returning
home, but still a long
distance away.
Migrant Labor
Transhumance
Farmers move cattle and other
livestock to pastures based on seasonal
availability, and follow them there, living
off the land as best they can.
Military service
Soldiers are stationed in far
away places, but eventually
return home.
MIGRATION
Permanent
relocation
2 Types: International & Internal
Ex. African-Americans internally migrated from
the Southern states to the Northern states in the
1900s, enjoying their newly-acquired freedom.
IRCA gave permanent
residence to 2.6 million
migrants that had been
living in the US for a
long time.
WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
Migration:
Forced vs
Voluntary
Not always clear
Ex. Irish people migrating to the US in
the late 1800s and early 1900s. Forced:
They migrated because of public
persecution and the potato famine.
Voluntary: They chose to migrate to the
US.
Forced Migration
Ex. Atlantic Slave Trade:
largest forced migration ever.
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS
IN VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Ravenstein's Laws of
Migration:
Every migration
generates a return.
Most migrants move
a short distance.
Migrants who move
long distances tend
to choose big cities.
Urban residents are less likely to
migrate than rural residents.
Families are less likely to migrate
internationally than young adults.
The gravity model relates places to
population size and distance, and gives
us a guide to expected migration.
Step migration consists
of a series of stages.
TYPES OF PUS AND PULL FACTORS
You must have a visa to be a legal immigrant.
Most migrants are in search of a better life.
Power relationships are common with migrant labor. Employers
hire migrant workers who they think would work best for them.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO MIGRATION:
Political circumstances, armed conflict
and war, & environmental conditions.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
Communication technology
strengthens kinship links.
CULTURE & TRADITION
People are afraid their
culture and traditions
won't survive a major
political transition, so
they migrate.
WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
GLOBAL MIGRATION FLOWS
See Fig. 3.11 (attached)
GLOBAL MIGRATION FLOWS
(For info on migration routes, see map attached)
REGIONAL MIGRATION FLOWS
Economic Opportunities
Paying-jobs are
located in "islands of
development, where a
lot of migrants are
concentrated.
Reconnection of
Cultural Groups
Focus on
reconnecting
cultural
groups across
borders. Ex.
Migration of
Jews from
Europe to
Israel /
Palestine.
From an area of conflict to a safer area.
NATIONAL MIGRATION FLOWS
Russia experienced an internal
migration from west to east.
Russification - when the Soviet
Union tried to transform all Soviet
territory to Russian culture.
REFUGEES
Some refugees are elgible for
asylum, meaning they have the
right to protection in the first
country they arrive in.
The Middle East,
especially
Afghanistan and
Iraq, generates the
most refugees out
of any other region
in the world.
In the 1990's, the UNHCR reported a
shocking amour of refugees in
Europe, as a result of the collapse of
Yugoslavia.
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS
AFFECT MIGRATION?
LEGAL RESTRICTIONS
Many countries have laws about who can
immigrate into the country. Often, the
obstacles in the way of potential
immigrants are legal, not physical.
WAVES OF IMMIGRATION IN THE US
Most of the immigrants in the 1800's and
1900's came from Europe, especially
Scandinavia and Western Europe.
Now, the US has instated restrictive laws, quotas,
and selective immigration.
After 9/11, the US cracked down on asylum
seekers, and security with migrants and who gets
in and out of the country.
FIELD NOTE: RISKING LIVES FOR
REMITTANCES
Remittances are when
migrants send money
back home.
Reverse remittances are
when the migrants ask for
money from back home.