Principles of Marine Biology

1. oxygen since 2.5 by
2. 1 % during boring billion (2-1 bya)
3. today 21 %

1. major processes of CO2 uptake
   1. weathering
   2. diatom growth
      1. biological carbon pump

1. atmosphere: ~ 800 gt
2. land biota: 550 gt

   Annotations:

   • mostly wood!
3. ocean biota: 3 gt

1. physico-chemical properties of environment

1. mortality due to grazers and predators

1. no space holding
   1. defence driving speciation

1. space holding
   1. growth driving speciation

1. allopatric

   Annotations:

   • spatial separation, inbreeding impossible
2. sympatric

   Annotations:

   • no separation, but no sexual interaction (e.g. because of mutation in sex organs)

1. pathogens
2. predators
3. parasites

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. nutrients
   1. macro-
      1. C, O, H, N, S, P, Si, K, Na, Cl
   2. micro-
      1. Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, I etc.
         1. Fe
            1. key limiting nutrient
               1. HNLC-regions
                  1. high nutrient, low chlorophyll
                     1. upwelling regions
                        1. high N and P conc.
                        2. limited PP growth
                  2. subarctic Pacific
                  3. equatorial Pacific
                  4. entire Southern Ocean
                     1. iron fertilization experiments
                        1. deep C export due to induced PP blooms
                        2. 3 Mio t FeSO4/y would be needed
                        3. EISENEX
                        4. EIFEX
                        5. LOHAFEX
2. production
   1. new
      1. based on nitrate uptake
         1. accumulation of biomass
            1. bloom of phytoplankton
   2. regenerated
      1. based on remineralisation
         1. no increase in biomass
      2. greatest part of oceanic production
3. nitrogen cycle
   1. N2-fixation
   2. denitrification
   3. nitrification
   4. nitrogen excretion

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. Cyanobacteria
   1. Prochlorococcus (Chl. b)
   2. Synechococcus
   3. colonial genera
      1. Trichodesmium
      2. Anabaena
      3. Nostoc
2. Diatoms
   1. diplpoid
   2. no flagellae
   3. chitin bristles
   4. cell wall of amorphous silica

      Annotations:

      • [(SiO2)n(H2O)]
      1. shape
         1. pennate
            1. raphid

               Annotations:

               • slid in cell wall used for locomotion
            2. araphid

               Annotations:

               • no slid
         2. centric
   5. 40-50 % of marine primary production
   6. toxic for some animals

      Annotations:

      • release aldehyde when ingested
3. Haptophytes/Prymnesiophytes
   1. nanoflagellates
   2. Phaeocystis

      Annotations:

      • ~ 10 species ~ 3 make colonies start life at the spines of diatoms
   3. Coccolithophorids
      1. calcaerous plates
         1. calcite
4. Dinoflagellates
   1. mixotrophic
   2. haploid

      Annotations:

      • sexual and asexual reproduction
   3. 3 feeding modi
      1. direct engulfment
      2. peduncle feeding
      3. palium feeding
   4. toxic species
      1. harmful algal blooms

1. Kitenoplastids/Bodonids
2. Choanoflagellates

   Annotations:

   • base of animal lineage
3. heterotrophic nano-/and dinoflagellates
4. Tintinnids

   Annotations:

   • ciliates; can't be digested, protein can't be broken down
   1. Choreotrichs
   2. Mesodinium
5. Radiolaria
   1. internal silica skeleton
   2. much older than diatoms
6. Acantharia
   1. celestite skeleton

      Annotations:

      • SrSO4
      1. well protected
   2. predators

      Annotations:

      • feed on copepods etc.
7. Foraminifera
   1. hundreds of benthic, ~46 planktonic species
   2. calcite/aragonite
   3. diploid

      Annotations:

      • sexual reproduction, not only sexual phase!
   4. lunar cycle
   5. us. predators

Annotations:

• Copepods, Euphausiids, Coelenterata, Ctenophores, Tunicates, Pteropods, Chaetognaths etc.

1. Copepods
   1. cosmopolitan genera

      Annotations:

      • Pseudocalanus, Oithona, Euchaeta, Calanus, Metridia, Acartia, Centropages
   2. 6 nauplii and 6 copepodid stages
   3. about 2/3 muscles: thoracopods
2. 2 types
   1. watery

      Annotations:

      • salps & jellies
   2. muscular

      Annotations:

      • copepods & krill
3. Cladocerans (Daphnids)
   1. parthenogenetic
   2. filter-feeders
   3. slow swimmers
   4. 3 marine genera
      1. Penilia
      2. Evadne
      3. Podon
4. Euphausiids

   Annotations:

   • shrimp-like, e.g. krill large swarms
5. Pteropods
   1. pelagic gastropods
   2. aragonite shells

Annotations:

• pico: 0.2-2 µm nano: 2-20µm micro: 20-200 µm meso: 0.2-20 mm macro: 2-20 cm mega: 20-200 cm

1. 106:16:1