Skeletal and Muscular system

Skeletal and Muscular system

1. Main roles of the Skeletal System

   • Protection to internal organs
   • Framework for the body
     • Ligament
       • Tough band of slightly elastic connective tissues-Connects bone to bone and stablises joints during movement
       • Synovial Fluid
         • Lubricating liquid in joint cavities-Reduces friction
         • Articular Cartilage
           • Smooth tissue which covers articulating bones-absorbs shock
           • Joint Capsule
             • Joint sac in inner synovial membrane it encloses and strengthens the joint
             • Bursa
               • Closed fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub bones-Reduces friction between tendon and bone
   • Crucial for movement

2. Joint size and shape of articulating bones will allow a specific range of movement at a joint

   • Large range-Ball and Socket joint
     • Smaller range-Hinge joint

3. Planes of movement

   • Sagittal plane lies vertically-Divides the body Left to Right
     • Frontal plane lies vertically-Divides front and back
       • Transeverse planelies horizontally-Divides upper and lower
         • Horizontal extension
         • Horizontal flexion
         • Rotation
       • Abduction-away from midline
       • Adduction-closer to midline
     • Flexion-Decreases joint angle
     • Extension-Increases joint angle
     • Dorsi Flexion-toes up
     • Plantar Flexion-toes down

4. Types of joints

   • Hinge Joint-Elbow
   • Pivot Joint-Radio-Ulnar
   • Condyloid Joint-Wrist
   • Gliding Joint-Spin
   • Ball and Socket-Shoulder

5. Origin-the point the muscle attaches to a stationary bone

   • Insertion-the point muscle attaches to a moveable bone which gets closer to origin as the muscle contracts

6. Muscles never work alone they always work in pairs-Antagonistic Pairs

   • Agonist-creates movement at a joint-Prime mover
     • Antagonist-opposes the agonist providing a resistance
       • Fixator-a muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another part moves

7. Example of a antagonistic pairs

   • Flexion at the wrist
     • Agonist-Wrist flexors
     • Antagonist-Wrist extensors

8. Isotonic contractions-when a muscle changes length

   • Concentric-muscle shortens producing tension.This creates a force to pull two bones closer together causing movement
   • Eccentric-when muscle lengthens producing tension.This resists force
   • Isometric contraction-when a muscle contracts without changing shape

9. Movement Analysis-assesing the movement of a athlete in a sport.What to consider in a exam question

   • Joint type
   • Articulating bones
   • Movement pattern
   • Agonist muscle
   • Antagonistic muscle
   • Contraction type

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