Determines our
access to
services, such as
education,
health care
Where we live
changes everything
Spatial Arrangements are
Important because we can see
patterns.
Five Themes of Geography help us
to conceptualize the spatial
perspective
Location
The geographical osition of
people and things on Earth in
terms of where, how and why
Regions
Formal Region
Have similar traits
Functional or Nodal Region
A particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.
Places that are part of the same
functional region share a political, social
or economic purpose
Perceptual Region
Impressions or
constructs that help
us to understand
the distribution of a
phenomenon
Help us to
organize a
large amount
of information
and make
sense of it.
Landscape
The character of a place
Carl Sauer, Cultural Landscapes
Derwent Whittlesey
Sequent Occupance
Movement
Interconnectedness
of places
Place
Placelessness is a
recent phenomenon
Maps - Simplify the world
Reference Maps
Absolute and
Relative Location
Thematic Maps
Show the degree
of one attribute
or phenomenon
Mental Maps
The better we know our
activity spaces, the more
detailed these maps are.
Geotechnologies
include Global
Positioning Systems,
Remote Sensing and
Geographic
Information Systems
Patterns are important and we look
for patterns on maps because it
helps us to understand the
relationships that exist between
different places and things
Dr. Snow Cholera Example
We interact with others across Places
Globalization
Is a set of process that reflect
deepening relationships and
interdependence among and between
places without regard to borders.
Are uneven across the world
Scale
Geographers use
scale to
understand the
interrelationships
Local
Regional
National
Global
What happens at one scale can
affect what happens at other
scales.
Can start at Global and affect Local, or
can start at Local and affect Global. Not
all scales need to be affected.
Time Distance Decay
The farther a place is from the hearth, the less
likely it is to be adapted.
Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion
Contagious
Occurs when nearly all
adjacent individuals and places
are affected
Muhammad founded Isla in
500s around Mecca and
nearly all adjacent
individuals adopted the
religion.
Stimulus
An idea
might not
spread
throughout a
population,
but just affect
parts of it.
Birkenstocks
Hierchical
Not all ideas are readily and
directly adopted by a receiving
population. They may be vague,
unattainable, too different or
impractical, but the ideas still have
an impact.
McDonalds in India
Relocation Diffusion
The actual movement of individuals who
have already adopted the idea or
innovation and carry it to a new place.
Chinatowns
When people, goods,
or ideas move across
space
Starts from a Hearth
Cultural Barriers work against Diffusion
PLACE
Human-Environment Relationships
Everywhere on Earth has been affected by humans
Includes Change over time
Geography Through History
Categorize, Classify
Environmental Determinism
Possibilism
Regional Geography
Spatial Science
Humanistic and Behavioral
Radical and Marxist
Geography and Identity
Postmodernism
Starting in the 1980s postmodernism began to challenge assumptions about the nature of
truth and knowledge. While this will not be explored in this course, Geographers are taking
these concepts into consideration.
Introduced the idea that gender influences Geography. Spaces and places are gendered. At
times, ideas of gender are constructed and regulated in the spatial.
Wanted to make Geography more useful and
relevant. Used the spatial approach to look at
social justice issue to give Geography a role
in working for and reshaping society.
Said that models and laws did not explain human reasoning for decisions. The main focus
should be the human aspect of a place, including human emotions, values and desires.
Argued that regions had too many exceptions. Geography should be about a spatial analysis
that explained why phenomenon are located they way they are.
Divided the world into natural
regions by identifying phenomena
that grouped themselves in
distinctive ways in particular area.
Places are unique.
Response to Environmental
Determinism. Humans can adapt their
environments with technology. All
comes back down to the physical
Human behaviour is strongly influenced, maybe
even controlled by the physical environment.
Certain cultures decided that their climates were
ideal.
During age of exploration,
geographers catalogued, classified
and categorized. Geographers
looked for underlying patterns.