Biology Mind Map

Biology Mind Map

Biodiversity
1. Conservation
  1. Homes for wildlife
    1. Trees
    2. Animals
      1. Majority of Animals mate randomly
  2. Sanctuaries
  3. Recycling/Reduce Trash
2. Decline/Loss
  1. Pollution
    1. Carbon Monoxide Output
      1. Global Warming
  2. Construction
    1. Deforestation
      1. Loss of Habitat
  3. Poaching
    1. Endangerment
      1. Extinction
        Bad traits led to death of species
3. Support and Usefulness
  1. Food Supply
    1. Nutrition
    2. Seed Size
  2. Plants
    1. Medicinal
  3. Fuel
    1. Gas
    2. Wood
    3. Oxygen
  4. Water Supply
4. Genetic Diversity
  1. Different Species
5. Humans
  1. Primates
Microevolution
1. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
  1. Absence of Evolution
2. Genetic Variation
  1. Species
  2. Gene Pool
    1. Allele
      1. Allele Frequency
      2. Smellers versus Nonsmeller
  3. Populations
    1. Selection
    2. Genetic Drift
    3. Bottleneck
  4. Deleterious
  5. Advantageous
  6. Genotype
    1. Genotype Frequencies
    2. Think about the asparagus smellers nd nonsmeller and how they correlate with p & q
      1. p
        Dominant allele
      2. q
        Recessive Allele
  7. Phenotype
  8. Mating
    1. Nonrandom Mating
      1. Desired Traits
      2. Those that survive and reproduce are not random. They are born most favorable traits.
    2. Random Mading
  9. Molecular Evolution
    1. Molecular Clock
  10. Mutations
    1. Cancer
    2. Disabilities
    3. Heart disease
    4. All of which have negative impact on daily life
  11. Variation is passed on to offspring
3. Natural Selection
  1. Fitness
  2. Charles Darwin
    1. Mandelian Genetics
    2. Finches
      1. Beak size
        Survival rate
    3. Darwins 4 Postulates
  3. Positive Selection
    1. Increase in frequency of a favorable allele
      1. Some alleles provide an advantage to living
  4. Negative Selection
    1. Decrease in frequency of a harmful allele
  5. Balancing Selection
  6. Stabilizing Selection
    1. Status Quo
  7. Reproduction
    1. Sexual Selection
    2. Intersexual Selection
    3. Intrasexual Selection
      1. Humans use looks as a way to attract the other gender
4. Artificial Selection
  1. Gene Altering
5. Genes
  1. Pseudogene
  2. Gene Patterns
    1. Homozygous Dominant
    2. Heterozygous
    3. Homozygous Recessive
Species and Speciation
1. Morphospecies Concept
  1. The outward appearance of a species
2. Hybridization
  1. Reproduced by closely related species
3. Prezygotic
  1. Problems occurring before egg fertilization
4. Postzygotic
  1. Fertilized egg fails to develop fertile individual. Can lead to sterile organism and no reproduction can occur so it dies off with no offspring
5. Behaviorally isolated
  1. Mating occurs only through specific courtship rituals, songs, etc. Mating is not random.
6. Gametic isolation
  1. can mate but gametes don't match preventing reproduction
7. Mechanical incompatibility
  1. Reproductive organs don't fit and reproduction is stopped before egg is fertilized
8. Temporal isolation
  1. Mating depends on time
9. Geographic or ecological isolation
  1. Species are in different areas or habitats
10. Genetic incompatibility
  1. Genes are factored into reproduction and offspring
11. Allopatric
  1. Rivers separate population (geographic landmarks sepearte
12. Subspecies
  1. populism varies but can still reproduce and are same species
13. Dispersal
  1. new population formed away from origin (Island off mainland)
14. Vicariance
  1. River forms seperating population leading to isolation
15. Mainland population
  1. Origin and largest number of a species are here
16. Island population
  1. think of a pond of fish or an island with birds
17. Adaptive radiation
  1. Rapid increase in diversification
18. Sympatric
  1. PDifferent species within the same region habitat
Evolutionary Patterns
1. Node
  1. Common ancestor
2. Phylogenetic tree
  1. hypothesis of evolution
3. Taxon
  1. Closely related
4. Monophyletic
  1. Single
5. Paraphyletic
  1. Double
6. Polyphyletic
  1. Multiple
7. Characters
  1. Traits
8. Homologous
  1. traits passed down from common ancestors
9. Analogous
  1. Traits devolped b/c of environment
10. Parsimony
  1. simplest hypothesis. Tree divided once for each character
11. Trace fossils
  1. tracks/trails
12. Mass extinctions
  1. decrease in populations
13. Half-life:
  1. divide by two exponentially
14. Molecular fossils
  1. fossils on molecular level
Bacteria and Archea
1. Cyanobacteria
  1. monophyletic group of bacteria that use photosynthesis
2. Proteobacteria
  1. most diverse bacteria
3. Periodic selection
  1. loss of diversity (in episode) as a successful variant outcompetes another
4. Anammox
  1. anaerobic ammonia oxidation
5. Chemoautotrophs
  1. carbon from chemical reactions not from sunlight
6. Photoheterotrophs
  1. Sunlight for ATP
7. Bacteriochlorophyll
  1. bacteria chlorophyll
8. Anoxygenic
  1. No O2 produced
9. Oxygenic
  1. Produce oxygen
10. Transduction
  1. Horizontal gene transfer by virus
11. Conjugation
  1. direct cell to cell transfer
12. Peptidoglycan
  1. amino acids and sugar cell wall
13. Plasmid
  1. small circular DNA molecule in bacteria
14. Hyperthermophiles
  1. Organism that requires heat
15. Methanogens
  1. archaeologists that produce natural gas
16. Coevolution
  1. species evolve together

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	Created by Rico Nappi almost 6 years ago