2551376
NVC
- Gesture
- Evaluation
- Positives
- + The study shows how gestures can be universal while others are
culturally diverse. + High ecological validity because observations
were made while they carried out their normal lifestyles.
- + The study shows how gestures can be universal while others are
culturally diverse. + High ecological validity because observations
were made while they carried out their normal lifestyles.
- Negatives
- - They might have interpreted their gestures prove their hypothesis
- - They might have interpreted their gestures prove their hypothesis
- Positives
- Study
- Saitz et al. (1972) Aim: To compare the use of gestures in the US,
Columbia and Africa. Method: Observations were made of gestures
used in these cultures. Results: 65% of gestures used in America and
73% of gestures used in Columbia were also used in 4 African
countries. These gestures included: pointing, shrugging and nodding.
Conclusion: Therefore, many gestures are universal.
- Saitz et al. (1972) Aim: To compare the use of gestures in the US,
Columbia and Africa. Method: Observations were made of gestures
used in these cultures. Results: 65% of gestures used in America and
73% of gestures used in Columbia were also used in 4 African
countries. These gestures included: pointing, shrugging and nodding.
Conclusion: Therefore, many gestures are universal.
- Evaluation
- Touch
- Study
- Fisher, Rytting and Heslin (1976) Aim: To see the effect of
touch on people's attitudes. Method: Female students in a
library were handed books by a librarian who was a
confederate of the researcher. Half of the students were
touched on the hand by the librarian while the others
weren't touched at all. Results: When questioned later,
students who were touched had a much more positive
attitude towards the library and the librarian than those
who weren't touched. The students were unaware they
had been touched. Conclusion: Touch can be unconscious
and can have a positive effect on one's positive attitude.
- Fisher, Rytting and Heslin (1976) Aim: To see the effect of
touch on people's attitudes. Method: Female students in a
library were handed books by a librarian who was a
confederate of the researcher. Half of the students were
touched on the hand by the librarian while the others
weren't touched at all. Results: When questioned later,
students who were touched had a much more positive
attitude towards the library and the librarian than those
who weren't touched. The students were unaware they
had been touched. Conclusion: Touch can be unconscious
and can have a positive effect on one's positive attitude.
- Evaluation
- Positives
- + It only used females so that the touch
wasn't misinterpreted by the male as sexual
inuendo.
- + It only used females so that the touch
wasn't misinterpreted by the male as sexual
inuendo.
- Negatives
- - The study was gender biased because
it only used females so it could not be
generalised to male, thus making it
unreliable.
- - The study was gender biased because
it only used females so it could not be
generalised to male, thus making it
unreliable.
- Positives
- Study
- Tone Of Voice
- Study
- Argyle, Alkema, and Gilmore (1971) Aim: To see if tone of
voice has an effect when interpreting a verbal message.
Method: In artificial condtions listened to either friendly or
hostile messages spoken in either friendly or hostile tone of
voices. Therefore, some participants heard a hostile message
spoken in a friendly tone of voice and others heard a friendly
message spoken in a friendly tone of voice. Results: When
participants were asked to interpret the messages, it was
found that the tone of voice had about 5 times the effect of
the verbal message itself. Conclusion: Tone of voice is
extremely important in how people interpret verbal
messages.
- Argyle, Alkema, and Gilmore (1971) Aim: To see if tone of
voice has an effect when interpreting a verbal message.
Method: In artificial condtions listened to either friendly or
hostile messages spoken in either friendly or hostile tone of
voices. Therefore, some participants heard a hostile message
spoken in a friendly tone of voice and others heard a friendly
message spoken in a friendly tone of voice. Results: When
participants were asked to interpret the messages, it was
found that the tone of voice had about 5 times the effect of
the verbal message itself. Conclusion: Tone of voice is
extremely important in how people interpret verbal
messages.
- Evaluation
- Postitves
- + It is high in control as its low in
ecological validity.
- + It is high in control as its low in
ecological validity.
- Negatives
- - Low in ecological validity
meaning that it was done in a lab
and can hence not be related to
real life.
- - Low in ecological validity
meaning that it was done in a lab
and can hence not be related to
real life.
- Postitves
- Study
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