Schizophrenia

Annotations:

• Paranoid Disorganised Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual

Annotations:

• Positive: Delusions and Hallucinations  Negative:Apathy, no emotion, flat affect, alogia, and social withdrawal Disorganised: Bizare behaviour and disorganised speech

1. Genetic Explanation

   Annotations:

   • suggests there is a genetic link for schizophrenia, how ever its not purely genetic for the concordance rate is not 100% Refer to Gottesman & Shields
2. Biochemical Explanation

   Annotations:

   • Dopamine Hypothesis      Post mortem evidence       PET scans  Refer to relationship between Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia and the role of drugs.
3. Cognitive Explanation

   Annotations:

   • Psychological abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia and that it leads to more cognitive malfunctioning.
   • Agrees with biological explanation that during hallucinations the brains of a schizo patients are producing strange and unreal sensations (triggered biologically)
   • Refer to:     A rational path to madness (zimbardo)     Friths model     Cognitive Malnufunctions

1. Biological Therapies
   1. Antipsychotics Drugs

      Annotations:

      • Typical Antipsychotics refers to the 1st generation of antipsychotics developed during the 1950's. These antipsychotics block out the dopamine receptors, this would reduce dopamine activity, which would lead to reductions of symptoms of psychosis
      • Atypical Antipsychotics refers to a newer generation of drugs developed in the 1990's. they are preferred to typical drugs for they produce less side effects for they only attach to the specific D2 receptors.
   2. ElectroConvulsive Therapy (ECT)

      Annotations:

      • not ussualy 1st choice of treatment usualy the last when all others have failed ECT works through electical shocks that cause seizures that release a rush of chemicals neurotransimitters and temporarily alters function. LOTS of side effects Ussualy refered to Catatonic patients
2. Psychological Therapies
   1. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)

      Annotations:

      • Based on the idea that most unwanted thinking patterns, and emotional and behavioral reactions are learnt over a long period of time.
      • The aim of CBT is to identify the thinking patterns that are causing you to have unwanted feelings and behaviour, and to learn to replace this thinking with more realistic and useful thoughts
   2. Behavioral Therapy

      Annotations:

      • This is based on operant conditioning. Argue that reinforcement of social behaviour leads to its repetition. i.e Token Economies Refer to the Paul and Lents study