ROUTES: ENTERAL

ROUTES: ENTERAL

Enteral: refers to anything involving the alimentary tract, i.e., from the mouth to the rectum
Dosage forms
1. Tablets
  1. Hard formulations in which the drug and other ingredients are machine compressed under high pressure into a shape
  2. Sugar coated: coated with a sugar glaze
  3. Film coated: coated with a non-sweat coating
  4. Multiple compressed tablets: contain one drug in an inner layer and another drug around it as an outer layer. Can also have the two layers adjacent to each other.
  5. Repeat action: Release one dose of the drug and then release a second dose sometime later
  6. Chewable
  7. Effervescent: designed to breakdown when in contact with water or other liquids which will cause it to dissolve.
2. Capsules
  1. Drugs and other ingredients in a gelatin shell
  2. Gelatin shell dissolves in the stomach and the freed contents must still undergo disintegration and dissolution before the drug is absorbed into the circulatory system
3. Bulk powders
  1. Contain the active drug in a small powder paper or foil envelope
  2. Patient empties the envelope into a glass of water or juice and drinks the contents
  3. Most of the drug and ingredients dissolve in the water before the patient takes it
4. Solutions
  1. Clear liquid made up of one or more ingredients dissolved in a solvent
  2. Aqueous solutions are the most common oral solution
    1. Aqueous means that water was used as the solvent
5. Suspensions
  1. Formulations in which the drug does not completely dissolve in the solvent. The drug particles are suspended in the formulation.
  2. Sweetened and flavored
6. Elixirs
  1. Clear, sweetened liquid
  2. Less sweet and thick than syrups
7. Syrups
  1. Solutions of sucrose (sugar) in water
  2. Thicker than water and contains less than 10% alcohol
8. Emulsions
  1. Formulation containing both aqueous and oleaginous components
9. Lozenges
  1. Formulated with sweetening agents
  2. Sometimes used instead of tablets for sublingual administration
10. Ointments
  1. Inteded to be spread around the anal opening and are most often used to treat inflamed hemorrhoidal tissues
11. Suppositories
  1. Semisolid dosage forms that dissolve or melt when inserted into the rectum
Route
1. Oral
  1. Buccal
    1. Pouch between the teeth and cheek in the mouth
    2. Allows for rapid absorption of drugs and bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver
    3. Tablets, solutions
  2. Sublingual
    1. Under the tongue
    2. Other administrations are considered more convenient
    3. Tablets, lozenges
  3. Most frequently used route of administration
  4. Certain drugs cannot be taken orally because they are degraded or destroyed by stomach acid and intestinal enzymes
  5. Liquid dosage forms reach the circulatory system faster than drugs in solid form
  6. Enteric coated tables are used when the drug can be degraded by the stomach acid. The enteric coating will not let the tablet disintegrate until it reaches the high pHs of the small intestines
  7. Tablets, capsules, bulk powders, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, syrups, emulsions
2. Rectal
  1. Drugs are administered via the rectum either for a local effect or to avoid degradation after oral administration
  2. Most rectal solutions are used as enemas or cleansing solutions
  3. Solutions, ointments, suppositories

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	Created by Korie Hi almost 9 years ago