Indian Society, 1757-1875: Diverse Responses to Colonial Rule

Reform, Reaction, And Creativity
1. colonial rule became regularized
  1. Indian society responded
2. Hindu College
  1. founded Indian elites and colonial officers in 1818
  2. began to educate in English
  3. provided path for employment with colonial state
    1. esp. when governance language changed from Persian to English
  4. for some students, the English culture was a good alternative to their own
3. Young Bengal
  1. a group of students who critiques Indian society and like English more
  2. led by Henry Derozio
    1. teacher at Hindu College
    2. adopted English norms wholeheartedly
      1. eating beef
        avoided by most Hindus
      2. converting to Christianity
    3. vision called for total reform
      1. replace Indian norms with English ones
4. Delhi College
  1. founded by Indian elites and colonial administrators founded in 1825
  2. aimed to educate "respectable people so that they might find suitable work"
    1. in colonial sectors of the economy
  3. demonstrated ways where Indian and English forms of knowledge blended
    1. had both English and Oriental Branch
  4. Urdu received pride in this college
    1. a common language that developed under Mughals
    2. blend of Persian script and vocab with Hindi grammar
    3. western scientific tracts were translated to Urdu
5. Firangi Mahal
  1. "foreigner's palace"
  2. scholars developed a curriculum for Muslim students firmly embedded in Islam
    1. so proper Islamic learning will spread appropriately
  3. combined language, rational sciences, logic, rhetoric, and theology
6. Shah Waliullah
  1. Muslim reformer
  2. sought to encourage Indian Muslims to follow stricter Islamic practice and criticized worship of saints
  3. follower Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi
    1. led campaign in name of jihad
      1. not against colonial state but against perceived violations of Muslims' religious practice by Ranjit Singh
7. Rammohun Roy
  1. one of most revered participants in Bengali Renaissance
    1. Bengali Renaissance refers to the flowering of cultural, political, and religious debate in early 19th Calcutta
  2. adopted accommodative strategy
  3. worked for EIC
  4. fluent in several languages
    1. Persian
    2. Sanskrit
    3. Arabic
    4. English
  5. used knowledge of Christianity and English to reform Hinduism
    1. seek to create a renewed, unified identity for Hinduism
    2. sought to reform Hinduism along similar lines as Christianity
  6. For him, it was Indians like him who would restore Hinduism to its past glory
  7. Brahmo Sabha, 1828
    1. his organization
    2. many elite Bengali families joined
    3. came to be called Brahmo Samaj
    4. representative of the founding of other new civil society organizations that wanted to bring like-minded Indians together in social and political endeavors
8. Radha Kanta Deb
  1. founded the Dharma Sabha
    1. organization took defensive line
      1. Radha Kanta and others tried to preserve and defend Hinduism
Gender in Colonial India
1. debate about Hindu practice of Sati
  1. Sati is the ritual burning of a widow upon her husband's funeral
    1. By 1820s, symbolized Indian men's barbarity and lack of self-restraint
  2. educated Bengali upper-class in Calcutta criticized the practice and urged to ban it
    1. Roy had an extensive scriptural explanation of why sati was not endorsed by HInduism
      1. used Hindu resources
  3. some like Radha Kant Deb defended sati
The Press
1. newspaper culture is implanted in India
  1. 1st Indian-owned English newspaper was printed in 1777
  2. Bombay Samachar
    1. founded in 1822
    2. Asia's longest running newspaper
Peasant Resistance
1. Shariat Allah
  1. advocated for a reformed Islam
  2. had enough peasant cultivators, mostly from indigo plantations
    1. protest took form by refusing to pay a tribute to landowners
  3. son continued the work and organized workers against zamindars and colonial abuses
Bhil and Santhal Rebellions
1. "adibasis" or original inhabitants
  1. British called them "tribals"
  2. colonial state labeled some such groups "criminals" because they supplemented forest or nomadic livelihoods with raids
    1. groups marked as criminals are watched
    2. like Bhils
  3. Four brothers led a major uprising against the colonial state between 1855-6
    1. called the Santhal uprising or hool
      1. such resistance showed that the colonial state show that resistance to colonial state is not limited to cities and countryside

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Indian Society, 1757-1875: Diverse Responses to Colonial Rule

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