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Alzheimer's disease

Description

Mind Map on Alzheimer's disease, created by H S on 18/10/2021.
H S
Mind Map by H S, updated more than 1 year ago
H S
Created by H S over 2 years ago
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Resource summary

Alzheimer's disease
  1. Causes
    1. Genetic
      1. APP
        1. Chr 21
          1. Neuronal repair
          2. PSN-1/2
            1. Chr 1/14
              1. y-secretase
              2. APOE
                1. Lipid metabolism
                  1. Chr 12/19
                  2. Tau
                    1. Chr 17
                      1. Microtubule associated
                  3. Signs and symptoms
                    1. Memory loss
                      1. Limbic system
                        1. Cortical structures
                          1. Limbic lobe
                            1. Subcallosal area
                              1. Cingulate gyrus
                                1. Isthmus of limbic lobe
                                  1. Parahippocampal gyrus
                                    1. Uncus
                                    2. Hippocampal formation
                                      1. Hippocampus proper
                                        1. Subiculum
                                          1. Dentate gyrus
                                            1. Entorhinal cortex
                                            2. Septa area
                                              1. Orbito-frontal cortex
                                              2. Subcortical structures
                                                1. Anterior nucleus of thalamus
                                                  1. Hypothalamus
                                                    1. Mammillary bodies
                                                    2. Amygdala
                                                    3. Connecting pathways
                                                      1. Fornix
                                                        1. Mammilothalamic tract
                                                          1. Stria temrinalis
                                                            1. Cingulum
                                                              1. Longitudinal stria
                                                                1. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
                                                                  1. Anterior commisure
                                                                2. Types of memory
                                                                  1. Short term memory
                                                                    1. Intermediate memory
                                                                      1. Long term memory
                                                                        1. Sensory memory
                                                                        2. Physiology of memory
                                                                          1. Habituation
                                                                            1. Inhibition of pathways
                                                                              1. Inhibiton of presynaptic Ca2+ influx
                                                                                1. Less release of neurotransmitters
                                                                                2. Sensitization
                                                                                  1. Facilitation of pathways
                                                                                    1. Stimulation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx
                                                                                      1. Increased release of neurotransmitters
                                                                                3. Dementia
                                                                                  1. Vascular dementia
                                                                                    1. Lewy body dementia
                                                                                      1. Frontotemporal dementia
                                                                                        1. Mixed dementia
                                                                                          1. Al cohol related dementia
                                                                                          2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                            1. Formation of plaques
                                                                                              1. Formation of neurofibrillary tangles
                                                                                                1. Plaques and tangles
                                                                                                  1. Inflammation (neuronal injury)
                                                                                                    1. Neuronal death
                                                                                                      1. Disrupt neuronal signalling
                                                                                                    2. Investigations
                                                                                                      1. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE)
                                                                                                        1. Assess
                                                                                                          1. Orientation
                                                                                                            1. Registeration
                                                                                                              1. Attention and calculation
                                                                                                                1. Recall
                                                                                                                  1. Language
                                                                                                                    1. Copying
                                                                                                                  2. Blood tests
                                                                                                                    1. CBC
                                                                                                                      1. ESR
                                                                                                                        1. Liver/kidney function tests
                                                                                                                          1. Blood glucose
                                                                                                                            1. Thyroid function tests
                                                                                                                              1. Blood culture
                                                                                                                                1. HIV test
                                                                                                                                2. Imaging
                                                                                                                                  1. PET
                                                                                                                                    1. CT/MRI
                                                                                                                                    2. Genetic testing
                                                                                                                                    3. Management
                                                                                                                                      1. Drugs
                                                                                                                                        1. Selective cholinesterase inhibitors
                                                                                                                                          1. Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Donepezil
                                                                                                                                            1. Side effects
                                                                                                                                              1. DUMBELSS
                                                                                                                                                1. Diarrhea
                                                                                                                                                  1. Urination
                                                                                                                                                    1. Myosis
                                                                                                                                                      1. Bronchospasm
                                                                                                                                                        1. Emesis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Lacrimation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Salivation/sweating
                                                                                                                                                        2. NMDA antagonist
                                                                                                                                                          1. Memantine
                                                                                                                                                            1. Side effects
                                                                                                                                                              1. Dizziness
                                                                                                                                                                1. Confusion
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hallucinations
                                                                                                                                                            2. Risk factors
                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-Modifiable
                                                                                                                                                                1. Age
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Family history
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Down syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Head injuries
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Modifiable
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cardiovascular disease
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Smoking/Alcohol
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Obesity
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hypertension
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lack of sleep
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sedentary lifestyle
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lack of education
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seizure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Strokes

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