Environmental Chemistry

Annotations:

• It is important for us to monitor the amount of chemicals we use in different substances.

1. Water
   1. Biological Indicators
      1. Microbiological Indicators

         Annotations:

         •  Bacteria can cause serious health problems. One of the more common bacteria that we hear about is E-Coli.
      2. Aquatic Indicators

         Annotations:

         • There are many types of aquatic indicators including leechs, clams, flatworms ,water boatman, and water striders.
      3. Fish
      4. Bacteria
      5. Viruses
      6. Plants
   2. Chemicals
      1. Acidity

         Annotations:

         • We want the acidity in water to be close to neutral. It can't be to basic or to acidic.
      2. Dissolved oxygen

         Annotations:

         • Dissolved oxygen is essential for the health of aquatic life such as fish, insects, and micro-organisms. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water depends on the temperature, turbulance due to wind or the speed of moving water, the amount of photosynthesis by plants and algae in the water, and the number of organisms using up the oxygen.
      3. Heavy metals

         Annotations:

         • Bio magnification - increase in concentration of a chemical or element as it moves up the food chain. If a small fish eats a small amount of mercury by the time it gets to us, humans, it is quite a large concentration of mercury in the cycle. This means we injest more than we are supposed to.
      4. Nitrogen and phosphorus

         Annotations:

         • Nitrogen and phosphorus and nitrogen are important to all living things, but too much can be harmful. You can find these chemicals in fertilizer.
      5. Salt

         Annotations:

         • Low levels of salts needed Acids and bases reacting (nuetralize the chemical)
      6. Pesticides

         Annotations:

         • Pesticides aren't always bad. They may harm one thing but be good for there food. So there food has time to repopulate.
2. Air
   1. Quality
      1. Chemicals
         1. Sulfer dioxide
         2. ozone
         3. carbon dioxide
         4. ammonia
         5. carbon monoxide
         6. nitrogen oxides
         7. methane
3. Atmosphere
   1. green house effect
      1. chemicals
         1. carbon dioxide
         2. water vapor
         3. methane
         4. methane
         5. nitrogen oxide
      2. Enhanced Green House Effect

         Annotations:

         • The enhanced green house effect results from the greater  concentration of gases trapping even more heat. It result in us having a greater temperature on earth. This is known as global warming. The ice caps can melt and the ocean levels will rise, the world will start to flood the earth.
   2. ozone layer

      Annotations:

      • Abosrbs most of the suns UV rays.
      1. chlorofluorocarbons

         Annotations:

         • An organic compound that only contain carbon, flourine and chloride. They cause the ozone layer to deplete. Can be released by hairspray and other airosole. They are banned in someplaces because the ozone was thinning to much.

1. Air
   1. realese at the source
   2. dispersion

      Annotations:

      • chemicals move in all directions
   3. deposition
2. ground water
   1. The water table

      Annotations:

      • It is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure. Also how close the ground water is to the surface. The amount of water under the surface
   2. permable pores
3. Surface water
4. Soil
   1. leachate

1. Dispersion
2. Dilution
3. Biodegradation

   Annotations:

   • Break down of materials by organisms such as earthworms, bacteria, and fungi; "bio" refers to living things and "degrade" mean to break up.
   1. Factors that affect biodegration

      Annotations:

      • whether or not the chemical structure of the materials is biodegrateable
   2. earhwroms
   3. fungi
4. Phytoremediation

   Annotations:

   • technique that reduces the concentration of harmful chemicals in the soil or groundwater. Plants are used to clean up pesticides.
5. Photolysis

1. Macro Nutrients

   Annotations:

   • Need lots
   1. Nitrogen

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS -makes protiens- makes chlorophyll- stems and leaves- nucleic acid- grows and repairs tissue
   2. Phosphorus

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS - root and flower growth - cellular respiration and photosynthesis- making bones, teeth, and DNA
   3. Potassium

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS - stimulates growth - making protiens - fights diseases - making chlorophyll - muscle contractions - nerve impulses
   4. Magnesium

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS- composition of chlorophyll - helps photosynthesis - making bones and teeth - absorbs calcium and potassium
   5. Calcuim

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS - cell walls - cell division - bones and teeth - blood clotting - muscle and nerve function
   6. Sulfer

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS- produce fruit and grains - make protiens - detoxification
2. Organic Molecules
   1. Carbohydrate

      Annotations:

      • NEED sugar simple or complex molecules made of C,H,O
   2. Lipids

      Annotations:

      • Fat C, H, O
   3. Protiens/Amino Acids

      Annotations:

      • Meat, eggs, and dairy
   4. Nucleic Acids

      Annotations:

      • DNA, RNA - carries genetic material
3. Micro Nutrients

   Annotations:

   • need small amounts
   1. selenium

      Annotations:

      • NEED OPTIMAL AMOUNTS - need it but only a little bit