Headaches

differential diagnosis of limb weakness
1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Cerebral lesion / Compressive neuropathy / Motor neuropathy / Multiple sclerosis / Myasthenia gravis / Spinal cord lesion
  1. ALS is a rare neurological disease that primarily affects neurons responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement
  2. compressive neuropathy occurs when there’s pressure on nerves in the peripheral NS
  3. in MS, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath and causes communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body
  4. Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles that worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest
Types of headaches
Diplopia
1. Diplopia is the medical term for double vision or seeing double. Diplopia is defined as seeing two images of a single object when you’re looking at it
2. classification
  1. Monocular Diplopia
  2. Binocular Diplopia
Papilledema
1. is a term that is exclusively used when a disc swelling is secondary to increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
2. symptoms
  1. Fleeting vision changes—blurred vision, double vision, flickering, or complete loss of vision—typically lasting seconds.
    1. Other symptoms may be caused by the elevated pressure in the brain. A pulsating whooshing noise in the ears, headache, nausea, vomiting, or a combination may occur
  2. causes
    1. diagnosis
      1. ophthalmoscopy with further tests, usually brain imaging and sometimes subsequent lumbar puncture, to determine cause
Intracranial space occupying lesions
1. as any neoplasm as well as any inflammatory or mass lying within the cranial cavity.
2. symptoms
3. Investigations
4. types
5. CT & MRI Indications
Classification and Grading of brain tumors.
1. classification
2. grading
glioblastoma
1. a primary CNS tumor that develops from astrocytes, and mainly affects adults
2. causes
  1. The main cause is idiopathic. Rare genetic cases : NF1, Turcot's syndrome…
3. signs and symptoms
  1. Headache / Nausea or vomiting / Confusion / Memory loss / Personality changes or irritability / Difficulty with balance / Vision problems
4. investigations
  1. Contrast-enhanced MRI. Tumor is 5-10 cm and appears as a ‘butterfly glioma’.
    1. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for definitive diagnosis (histopathological exam needed)
5. Treatment
  1. Surgery / Radiation therapy / Chemotherapy
types of brain tumors
1. Gliomas are the most prevalent type of adult brain tumor. They arise from the glia.
  2. These cells are subdivided into astrocytes, ependymal cells and oligodendroglial cells
complications of brain tumors
1. seizure / Learning difficulties / Sight problem / Depression
brain tumor management
1. biopsies / traditional surgery / radiation therapy / Stereotactic radiosurgery

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Headaches

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	Created by Aml Fathi about 3 years ago