Hard hearing

anatomy of the ear
1. external/outer ear
  1. Pinna or auricle. This is the outside part of the ear.
    1. External auditory canal or tube. This is the tube that connects the outer ear to the inside
2. middle ear
  1. Ossicles. 3 connected small bones (Malleus/Incus/Stapes) that transmit the sound waves to the inner ear.
    1. Eustachian tube. A canal that links the middle ear with the back of the nose.
3. inner ear
  1. Cochlea. This contains the nerves for hearing.
    1. Vestibule. This contains receptors for balance.
      1. Semicircular canals. This contains receptors for balance
4. eardrum
  1. The tympanic membrane divides the external ear from the middle ear.
otorrhea
1. drainage of liquid from the ear
2. causes:
  1. Infections / Trauma / Foreign body / Tumors / Systemic illness.
3. types of discharge:
physiology of hearing
investigations
1. 1) ear swab
  1. collecting the sample of drainage
2. 2) tuning fork test
  1. rinne and weber tests
    1. interpretations
3. 3) imaging
Pure tone audiometry
1. a behavioral test used to measure hearing sensitivity
  1. involves the peripheral & central auditory systems
    1. Pure-tone thresholds (PTTs) indicate the softest sound audible to an individual at least 50% of the time. Hearing sensitivity is plotted on an audiogram, which is a graph displaying intensity as a function of frequency.
      1. technique
otitis media
1. an infection of the middle ear that causes inflammation and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum.
2. complications of otitis media
  1. extracranial and intracranial
3. signs and symptoms of otitis media
4. treatment of otitis media
otoscopy
1. examination of the ear
  1. findings
2. otoscope
  1. a device used to visualize and examine the external auditory canal, the tympanic membrane, and the middle ear.
3. pneumatic otoscopy
  1. Examination that helps determine the flexibility or mobility of the tympanic membrane, in response to changing pressure
    1. immobility could include:
cholesteatoma
1. abnormal collection of skin cells deep inside your ear.
2. It gradually builds up in the ear and causes erosions
  1. Gradually causes progressive hearing loss
    1. Foul-smelling discharge
      1. Can cause permanent hearing loss, facial muscles paralysis, dizziness
Tympanosclerosis
1. scarring of the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
  1. causes:
    1. Ear infections/Ruptured eardrum/Cholesteatoma Ear surgery
2. symptoms
  1. The chalky white appearance of the eardrum/Hearing loss/Ear pain
3. treatment
  1. surgery
  2. If surgical tympanosclerosis treatment doesn’t fully restore hearing, then hearing aids can help
mastoidectomy
1. performed for a variety of temporal bone pathologies including mastoiditis and cholesteatoma
  1. types
2. complications
  1. Inner ear hearing loss/Facial nerve injury/A change in taste/Ringing in your ear
Myringotomy
1. surgical incision into the eardrum, to relieve pressure or drain fluid.
2. indications
  1. Frequent ear infections/Bleeding in middle ear/Barotrauma.
Aural POLYPS & Management
1. A soft, rubbery mass mostly present in the external auditory canal Chronic inflammation of the middle ear or mastoid.
  1. management
    1. Surgical Excision + Antibiotics Mastoidectomy incase of mastoiditis.
2. Highly associated with cholesteatoma.

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Hard hearing

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	Created by Aml Fathi about 3 years ago