Alkenes

Annotations:

• https://youtu.be/ZPpjSB6hUS8

1. Alkane
   1. Free radical chain reaction
      1. Requires UV light to split halogen bond (Cl-Cl), (Br-Br)

         Annotations:

         • Is a high energy barrier and requires a lot of energy to overcome this. 
         • This ensues the "initiation, propagation, and termination" steps. 
         1. Halogenoalkanes

            Annotations:

            • Compounds where 1 or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane has been replaced by halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I, etc).
            • You cannot control the products formed: they can be mono-, di-, or tri- halogenoalkanes. 
            1. Free radical chain reaction
               1. Dihalogenalkane
                  1. Free radical chain reaction
                     1. Tri/tetrahalogenalkane
                  2. Br2, I2, Cl2
            2. Substitution reactions (SN1/SN2)

               Annotations:

               • SN1 - Substitution Nucleophilic 1st order SN2 - Substitution Nucleophilic 2nd order
               1. Alcohol
                  1. Secondary (2o) alcohol
                     1. Oxidation reaction

                        Annotations:

                        • Potassium  Disodium dichromate (orange, but turns green during oxidation process, as it forms Cr3+ ion) H --> REMOVED =O (double bond made with O molecule, which makes ketone)
                        1. Ketone
                  2. Primary (1o) alcohol

                     Annotations:

                     • Undergo oxidation
                     1. Oxidation

                        Annotations:

                        • Small amount of dichromate and dilute acid, with simple distilisation, get aldehyde. 
                        1. Aldehyde
                           1. Further oxidation

                              Annotations:

                              • Having a large amount of oxidising agent, opposed to lower, means further oxidation. Cr2O7/conc. H+ reflux 
                              1. Carboxylic acid
               2. Tertiary (3o) - SN1 rxn
                  1. Forms: carbocation
                  2. primary (1o) - SN2 rxn
                     1. contains transition state
                        1. with: nucleophile

                           Annotations:

                           • Hydroxide ion all nucleophile must have lone pair of e-
   2. H+ with a Ni catalyst
2. Hydrogen halide
3. Steam (300 C, 70 atm)
4. Heated under pressure + catalyst
   1. poly(alkene)