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CHARACTERISTICS
1. Multicellular and multinucleated (expect yeast)
  1. Spore-bearing organism
    1. No chlorophyll
      1. Rigid cell-wall (chitin)
        Reproduce asexually and sexually
        Primary storage- glycogen
Importance
1. • Primarily terrestrial
  1. • Industrial
    1. Fermentation: yeast used in making cheese, soy sauce bread, wine
    2. Antibiotic: penicillin, griseofulvin
    3. Organic acid: citric acid, gallic acid
    4. • Research use
      1. Saccharomyces cerevisaea: yeast model system for genetics, cell biology and cancer
Feeding forms
1. • Parasitic heterotrophs
  1. • Mutualistic heterotrophs
2. • Saprobic heterotrophs
Fungi reproduction
1. Sexual
  1. • Fusion of compatible nuclei
  2. Homothallic
  3. Heterothallic
2. Asexual
  1. • May proceed through a spore form
  2. • Mitosis
Sexual spores
1. Types
  1. Basidiospore
  2. Ascospore
  3. Zygospore
2. Formation
  1. Plasmogamy
  2. Karyogamy
  3. Meiosis
Life cycle
1. • Filamentous fungi reproduce asexually (fragmentation)
  1. • Fungi classified by spore type
    1. • Spores are formed from the aerial mycelium
Types
1. Chytrids (Chytridiomycota)
2. Microsporidia
3. Zygote (Zygomycota)
4. Sac (Ascomycota)
5. Club (Basidiomycota)
Taxonomy
1. Dikarya
  1. Basidiomycota
  2. Ascomycota
2. Paraphyletic
  1. Zygomycota
  2. Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota (Anaerobic Rumen Fungi)
1. Zoospores
2. Obligate anaerobes
3. Decompose cellulose
4. Breakdown lignin deposits into smaller pieces
Ascomycota
1. Some are human and plant pathogens
2. Sexual- ascus formation with ascospores
3. Red, brown, blue-green molds (cause food spoilage)
4. Some yeast and truffles are edible
5. Asexual- conidia
Zygomycota
1. Terrestrial-decomposes
2. Form zygosporangia- dikaryotic
3. Bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer
4. Glomeromycota (considered zygomycetes by some)
Basidiomycota
1. Examples: rusts, shelf fungi, puffballs, toadstools, mushrooms
2. Sexual reproduction form basidium
3. Decomposers
4. Edible and non-edible mushrooms
5. Plant pathogens causing rusts and smuts (dimorphic)
  1. Urediniomycetes
  2. Ustilaginomycetes
Microsporidia
1. Obligate intracellular fungal parasites that infect fish, insects and humans
2. Human infections
  1. • Encephalitozoan cuniculi
  2. • Entrecystozoan bienusi
3. Structurally similar to ‘classic’ fungi
  1. • Contain chitin, trehalose & mitosomes
  2. • Lack mitochondria, peroxisomes & centrioles
LICHEN
1. Association of a fungus & a photosynthetic symbiont
2. Involve ascomycete fungi & basidiomycete
3. Mutualistic relationship
  1. • Algae (produces food) & fungus (provides protection, water & minerals)
4. Lichen may grow in extreme conditions & sensitive to environmental toxins
5. 3 main types (based on appearance & structure)
  1. • Foliose lichen (leaf-like)
  2. • Crustose lichen (grow flat to the surface)
  3. • Fructiose lichen (hair-like/ threadlike)
6. Assists in soil formation by breaking down rock
Mycorrhizae
1. Mutualistic association
2. Benefits (plants)
  1. Increase surface area
  2. Increase growth potential
3. Benefits (fungi)
  1. Feeding from tissues of the plant
4. Mycorrhizal fungi
  1. Truffles
  2. Auricularia
Ecological Impact of Fungi
1. Modify habitat
2. Decomposers
3. Improve plant growth
4. Pathogens
5. Spoilers
6. Food
YEAST
1. Typically spherical/oval
2. Budding yeast (divide unevenly)
3. Non filamentous
4. Used in:
  1. Baking
  2. Opportunistic pathogens
  3. Model organism in cell biology research
  4. Fermenting alcoholic beverages
  5. Microbial fuel cells
5. Unicellular
6. Fission yeast (divide evenly)

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	Created by fidafid96 over 8 years ago