Hazard Management

volcanoes
1. prediction (monitoring)
  1. measure gas emissions/land swelling/ground water levels
    1. correlation spectrometer - before eruption gases(S02) given off - can be used to detect gases
    2. tilt meters - detect slight changes in landscape/ground inflation/deformation as a result of magma accumulation
    3. GPS - used to detect movements
  2. study eruption history
  3. thermal imaging cameras (changes in temp indicate vol activity)
  4. seismometers - used to detect earthquakes before eruption
2. protection/preparation
  1. build artificial barriers to slow down lava
    1. Hawaiian Islands
  2. during:dig trenches to divert flow - Mt Etna
  3. before: hazard assessment - identify areas of greatest risk & set up exclusion zones
    1. following assessments - land use planning can be applied: sufficient open space keep people away from aftershock damage from buildings
earthquakes
1. prediction
  1. study groundwater levels/release of radon gas/animal behaviour/local magnetic fields
  2. map activity of previous earthquakes
    1. seismometer/tilt meters can be used to predict impact of eqs - produce hazard zone map
  3. study earthquake history
2. protection/preparation
  1. disaster plan - upgrading homes (fireproof). planning of evacuations, designating public shelters (gov strategies)
    1. Education/training: educate people in survival strategies & have regular earthquake drills (individual strategies)
      1. assemble earthquake kits (water/food/first aid/torch/fire extinguisher)
  2. build hazard resistant structures/strict building regulations
    1. concrete counter weights on top
    2. steel cross-bracing to hold building
    3. rubber shock absorbers in foundation
  3. fire prevention - 'smart meters' cut off gas (Tokyo) - network systems inform employees to turn off main pipelines - reducing number of fires
  4. modify loss by insurance & aid
    1. MEDC - people forced to take out insurance to cover losses
      1. LEDC - international emergency aid offered for only short term - long term aid to support long term resettlement of population, restoration of area's economic base & infrastructure is hard to find
tsunami
1. construction of sea walls/breakwaters
  1. land use planning supported by insurance
    1. increase public awareness (safety routes)
    2. invest in tech: DART - Deep Ocean Assessment & Reading of Tsunami (2001) - monitoring systems mainly located in Pacific ocean
      1. However it's unreliable financial cost of maintaining systems are high - unsustainable long term solution for tsunami warnings

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Hazard Management

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	Created by aira mumin over 8 years ago