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Week 2

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Undergraduate Degree BMSC1110 (week summary) Mind Map on Week 2, created by 06watkinse on 17/12/2013.
06watkinse
Mind Map by 06watkinse, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by 06watkinse over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Week 2
  1. Connective Tissues
    1. Pluripotent
      1. Involved in
        1. Packaging and dividing
          1. Providing support
            1. Energy storage
              1. Space filling
              2. Contains
                1. Lipoblasts
                  1. Myofibroblasts
                    1. Mast cells
                      1. Macrophages
                        1. Plasma cells
                        2. Extra cellular matrix
                          1. structural carbohydrates
                            1. structural proteins
                              1. ground subsance
                              2. Glycoaminoglycans
                                1. unbranched polysaccharides
                                  1. 4 different groups
                                    1. hydrophobic
                                      1. Aggrecan
                                        1. chondroitin suphate and keratan sulphate
                                          1. found in cartilage
                                            1. regulates cellular signals/migration
                                            2. Syndecan
                                              1. Heparan sulphate
                                                1. found on the plasma membrane
                                                  1. facilitates cellular interactions
                                                  2. Fibronectin
                                                    1. dimer
                                                      1. joined by disulphide bonds
                                                        1. adhers cells to components in the ECM
                                                      2. CT Fibres
                                                        1. Elastin
                                                          1. 750 amino acid sequence
                                                            1. elastic, allows stretch
                                                              1. secreted as elastin molecules and assembled in the ECM
                                                                1. form cross links between fibres
                                                                2. Collagen
                                                                  1. fibrous proteins
                                                                    1. long, stiff, unbranched, triple helix
                                                                      1. secreted as single chains that wind together in the ECM
                                                                    2. Connective Tissue Types
                                                                      1. Fibrocollagenous
                                                                        1. Dense
                                                                          1. Regular
                                                                            1. parallel
                                                                              1. withstand forces in one direction
                                                                              2. Irregular
                                                                                1. interwoven collagen and elastin fibres
                                                                                  1. withstand forces from different directions
                                                                                2. Areolar/Loose
                                                                                  1. abundant in ground substance
                                                                                    1. many cell types
                                                                                      1. some collagen and elastin fibres
                                                                                      2. Reticular
                                                                                        1. reticulin fibres
                                                                                          1. form a fine network around epithelial cells
                                                                                        2. Cartilage
                                                                                          1. formed from a chondroblast maturing into a chondrocyte
                                                                                            1. ECM made of aggrecan and fibres
                                                                                              1. avascular
                                                                                                1. hyaline
                                                                                                  1. lubricate joints
                                                                                                    1. nose, ribs, ends on bones
                                                                                                    2. fibrocartilage
                                                                                                      1. strong
                                                                                                        1. IVDs and knee joint
                                                                                                        2. elastic
                                                                                                          1. ear and epiglottis
                                                                                                            1. thin and flexible
                                                                                                          2. Bone
                                                                                                            1. osteoprogenitor to osteoblast to osteocyte
                                                                                                              1. ECM is osteoid
                                                                                                                1. 25% organic - collagen and GAGs
                                                                                                                  1. 75% inorganic - hydroxyapatite
                                                                                                              2. Diseases
                                                                                                                1. Rickets
                                                                                                                  1. Vitamin D deficiency
                                                                                                                    1. bone softening
                                                                                                                      1. causes weak bones
                                                                                                                        1. treated with vitamin D supplements
                                                                                                                        2. Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome
                                                                                                                          1. inherited
                                                                                                                            1. defect in collagen synthesis
                                                                                                                              1. effects the following structures
                                                                                                                                1. skin - stretchy, fragile, bruising
                                                                                                                                  1. joints - hyperflexability, dislocation
                                                                                                                                    1. bones - osteopenia, osteoarthritis
                                                                                                                                      1. ligaments - stretchy
                                                                                                                                        1. blood vessels - fragile, aneurysm, stroke
                                                                                                                                  2. The Skeleton
                                                                                                                                    1. Axial
                                                                                                                                      1. skull
                                                                                                                                        1. bones
                                                                                                                                          1. parietal
                                                                                                                                            1. temporal
                                                                                                                                              1. frontal
                                                                                                                                                1. mandible
                                                                                                                                                2. fetal skull
                                                                                                                                                  1. contains suture lines filled with cartilage
                                                                                                                                                    1. soft spot
                                                                                                                                                      1. overly soft - dehydrated
                                                                                                                                                        1. hard - intercranial pressure
                                                                                                                                                      2. functions
                                                                                                                                                        1. protection
                                                                                                                                                          1. special senses
                                                                                                                                                            1. uscular attachment
                                                                                                                                                              1. upper respiratory/digestive tracts
                                                                                                                                                              2. mastication muscles
                                                                                                                                                                1. massater
                                                                                                                                                                  1. temporalis
                                                                                                                                                                    1. lateral and medial pterygoid
                                                                                                                                                                  2. thoracic cage
                                                                                                                                                                    1. formed from 12 ribs and the sternum
                                                                                                                                                                      1. protects thoracic viscera
                                                                                                                                                                        1. helps with breathing
                                                                                                                                                                          1. main muscle is the diaphragm
                                                                                                                                                                            1. 3 intercostal muscles
                                                                                                                                                                              1. innermost
                                                                                                                                                                                1. internal
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. external
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. each space between the ribs contains a intercoastal vein, artery and nerve.
                                                                                                                                                                                  3. vertebral column
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 5 regions
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. cervical - 7
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. thoracic - 12
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. lumbar - 5
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. sacral - 5 (fused)
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. coccygeal - 4 (fused)
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. curvature
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. kyphosis - thoracic curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. lordosis - lumbar curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. scoliosis - lateral curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. vertebrae
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. vertebral body
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. vertebral foramen
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. superior articular process
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. transverse process
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. spinous process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. lamina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pedicle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. inferior articular process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. each section of the column have different morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. intervertebral disc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. annulus fibrosis surrounds the outside of the disc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. concentric lamellae, fibrocartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. nucleus pulposus makes up the centre of the disc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. hydrophilic, gelatinous ball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. aid movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. shock absorbers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. a slipped disc is when the nulcleus pulposus leaks into the vertebral foramen and presses on the spinal cord
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Appendicular
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. upper limb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. axilla
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. arm/brachium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. cubital fossa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. forearm/antebrachium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. pectoral girdle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. subscapular fossa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. glenoid cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. coracoid process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. clavicle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. supraspinous fossa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. spine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. acromian
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. infraspinous fossa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. musculature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. trapezius - shrugging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. levator scapulae - shrugging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. major and minor rhomboids - abduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. latissimus - shoulder retraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. deltoids - flexion, extension and adduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. pectoralis - protraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. serratus anterior - clamps the scapula to the ribs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. flexion/extension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ab/adduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. circumduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. winged scapula
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. damage to the long thoracic nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. inhibition of nerve stops stimulation of serratus anterior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. rotator cuff muscles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. reinfirce joint capsule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. hold humorus in cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. supraspinatus - abduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. infraspinatus - lateral rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. teres minor - lateral rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. subscapularis - medial rotation and adduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. discolations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. shoulder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. excessive extension and lateral rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. drops inferiorly and medially
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. elbow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. falling on outstretched hand with elbow flexed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. posterior and superior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. damage to ulnar/radial nerve can paralyse each half of the hand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. elbow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. hinge joint
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. humeroulnar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. humeroradial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. proximal radioulnar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. collateral ligaments reinforce the radius and ulnar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. annular ligament sits over the radius and hold it in place next to the ulnar to allow supination and pronation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. muscles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. biceps brachii - supinator flexor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. brachiallis - flexor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. triceps brachii - exetensor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. epicondylitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. golfers elbow - medial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. tennis elbow - lateral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. inflamation of muscle insertion points
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. lower limb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Body Cavities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dorsal Cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. protects nervous system
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. cranial cavity - brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. vertebral cavity - spinal cord
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ventral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. houses internal organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. thoracic cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. abdominopelvic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. abdominal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. stomach, intestines, spleen, liver
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. trauma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. evisceration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. laceration can cause organs to protude from the body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. closed injuries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. blunt trauma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. without breaking the skin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. compression trauma caused by deceleration forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. hollow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. structures that materials pass through
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. when lacerated contents spill into the peritoneal cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. contents when spilt cause peritonitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. solid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. perform chemical work of the body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. high blood content causes severe haemorrhage if lacerated
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. injury can be overshadowed by shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. liver injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. second most common
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. difficult to manage surgically
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. associated with other injuries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. spleen injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. common in car accidents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. infection it becomes enlarged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. pain present in left shoulder - refered pain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pain in lower left ribs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. kidney injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. rarely seen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. well protected area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. forceful blow/penetrating injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. abrasion, contusion, laceration or haematoma in the flank
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. fractures to lower ribs or lower thoracic/upper lumar vertebrae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. pelvic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. bladder, reproductive, rectum, anal canal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. split in 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. greater pelvis superior to pelvic brim
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. lesser pelvis between pelvis inlet and outlet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pelvic brim separates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. there are many differences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. pelvic floor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. muscular layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. 3 midline orifices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. supports viscera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. resists intra abdominal pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. female reproductive organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. primary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ovaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. secondary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. external
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. labia major and minor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. pubis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. clitoris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. ducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. uterine tubes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. connect ovaries to uterus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. infundibulum - funnel shaped, fimbrae on edges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ampulla - site of fertilisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. isthmus - most medial portion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. uterus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 3 layers - peri, myo and endo metrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. anatomy - fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. disposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. anteflexed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. excessive anteflexion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. retroverted retroflexion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. retroverted anteflexed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. fibroids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. non-cancerous growths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. variable size and location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. symptoms - pain and bladder and bowel problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. treatment - myomectomy, uterine artery embolism and hysterectomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. vagina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. greater vestibular gland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. rarely damaged
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. exception is during pregnancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. maternal changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. obstruction of vena cava
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. increasing maternal blood volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. uterus is thick and muscular - distributes trauma uniformly to fetus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. male reproductive organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. primary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. testes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. enclosed in scrotal sac
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. scrotal sac
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ductus deferens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. blood vessels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. enclosed in muscular sheath
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. secondary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. external
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. penis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. scrotum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. ducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. efferent ductules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. vas deferens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ejaculatory duct
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. urethra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. seminal vesicle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. prostate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. sits under bladder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. urethra passes through
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. 4 lobes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. transurethral resection of prostate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. resectoscope - electric current is run through a loop of wire to heat it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. cuts away section of prostate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. benign prostatic hyerplasia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. bulbourethral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. composition of semen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. sperm - 3-5% - testes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. semen - 65-75% - seminal vesicles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. prostatic fluid - 25-30% - prostate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. pelvis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. blunt trauma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. skeletal damage - pubis fracture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. life-threatening haemorrhage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. potential organ damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. bladder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. rupture - unrine spills into cavirty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. sudden deceleration can shear bladder rom urethra in males
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. peritoneum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. serous membrane surrounding the cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. visceral lines the organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. parietal lines the body wall
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. peritonal cavity filled with fluid to reduce friction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. ascites - build up of fluid in the cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. quadrants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. right upper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. left upper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. right lower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. left lower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. right/left hypochondriac
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. right/left lumbar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. right/left iliac
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. epigastric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. umbilical
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. hypogastric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. separated by the diaphragm
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            First Year at University
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            eleanor.adamandi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            First Year at University
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            andrea4584
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