53463
C2
Chemistry
- The Earth has a iron core surrounded y
the mantle
- On the outside there
is a thick rocky crust
- Crust and upper mantle- lithospheres.
- On the outside there
is a thick rocky crust
- Wegener's theory:
The continental drift
- The Earth's continents were once
joined together. The mantle under the
plates moves a few cm every year
- Similar fossils and rocks near
eachother
- The Earth's continents were once
joined together. The mantle under the
plates moves a few cm every year
- Plate boundaries
- Constructive- when two
plates move beside each
other slowly. they can get
stuck and suddenly move.
This can cause an
earthquake.
- Destructive- the plates move towards
each other. Ocean goes under
continental. Oceanic melts- magma.
Magma rises and forms volcano.
- Constructive- when two
plates move beside each
other slowly. they can get
stuck and suddenly move.
This can cause an
earthquake.
- Rhyolite= silica-rich.
Basalt= iron-rich.
- Granite= igneous.
Marble= metamorphic.
Limestone= sedimentary
- Quaryying- extracting
stone from the ground
- Adv- jobs,
building material
- Disadv- dust, dirt,
lorries&noise
- Adv- jobs,
building material
- Mortar= cement+sand+water.
Cement= limestone heated with
clay. Concrete=
cement+sand+aggregate+water
- Reinforced concrete= concrete with
steel rods to prevent stretching under
tension.
- Copper ore
- Copper oxide
- add charcoal
and heat
- Impure copper
- make the
anode
- pure CU for
cathode
- Pure copper
forms at cathode
- Pure copper
forms at cathode
- pure CU for
cathode
- make the
anode
- Impure copper
- add charcoal
and heat
- Copper oxide
- Alloys- Mixtures
containing one or
more metals
- Brass= Copper
and zinc
- Used in coins and
instruments.
- Used in coins and
instruments.
- Brass= Copper
and zinc
- rusting needs iron, water and
oxygen. Rust= Hydrated iron
oxide.
- Iron+oxygen+water=
Hydrated iron 0xide.
- Aluminium doesn't
corrode.
- When exposed to air, it reacts with oxygen
in the air to form a thin layer of aluminium
oxide, which 'protects' the metal from
corroding.
- When exposed to air, it reacts with oxygen
in the air to form a thin layer of aluminium
oxide, which 'protects' the metal from
corroding.
- Iron+oxygen+water=
Hydrated iron 0xide.
- The Haber process
- Pressure (200 atmospheres).
Tempurature (450c). Iron catalyst.
Recycling system
- Makes ammonia from air and hydrogen
that comes from cracking oil/gas.
- Pressure (200 atmospheres).
Tempurature (450c). Iron catalyst.
Recycling system
- Acids=
pH of 1-6 -
red.
Alkalis=
pH of 8-14
- purple.
Neutral=
pH of 7 -
green.
- Alkali- Soluble base.
- Neutralisation=
acid+base--->salt+water
- Neutralisation=
acid+base--->salt+water
- Acid= H+ ions, pH
determines concentration of
H+ ions.
- Acid+carbonate--->salt+water+Co2.
- Acid+metal--->salt+hydrogen
- Acid+oxide--->salt+water
- Acid+hydroxide--->salt+water
- Acid+hydroxide--->salt+water
- Acid+oxide--->salt+water
- Acid+metal--->salt+hydrogen
- Plants
- Eutrophication
- fertiliser goes
in water
- males
algae grow
- sun can't
reach plants
- water plants don't
photosynthesise.
- Plants die
- Fish die
- Aerobic bact.
uses up oxygen
in water.
- Aerobic bact.
uses up oxygen
in water.
- Fish die
- Plants die
- water plants don't
photosynthesise.
- sun can't
reach plants
- males
algae grow
- fertiliser goes
in water
- nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassim= essential minerals for
plants.
- fertilisers increase crop yield by
providing and replacing essential
minerals
- Eutrophication
- electronisis of salt=
chlorine and
hydrogen
- Chlorine
- sterilises
drinking water
- makes bleach,
solvents and plastics
- sterilises
drinking water
- Anode 2Cl- --->Cl2+2e-
- Cathode 2H+ +2e- --->H2
- Cathode 2H+ +2e- --->H2
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