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592699
Digestive System
Description
A-Level Biology 2 Mind Map on Digestive System, created by Sophia Durham on 03/01/2014.
No tags specified
biology 2
gcse higher tier
biology 2
a-level
Mind Map by
Sophia Durham
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Sophia Durham
almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary
Digestive System
Mouth
adds saliva, breaks food into small pieces
Oesophagus
squeezes food towards stomach, connects mouth and stomach
Stomach
Churns food up with acid, adds protein-digesting enzymes
Small intestine
contains digestive enzymes made by the pancreas, allows nutrients to pass through the walls into the blood
Pancreas
makes digestive enzymes, secretes enzymes into small intestine
Large intestine
water passes through it's walls into the blood, undigested food passes along this tube
Liver
makes bile, processes nutrients
Gall bladder
releases bile into small intestine when needed, stored bile made by liver
Chemical and mechanical processes
enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Carbohydrases
found in mouth, turns starch into glucose
e.g. amylase
Proteases
found in stomach, turns protein into amino acids
e.g. pepsin
Lipases
found in s. intestine, turns fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol
e.g. Lipase
Bile
strongly alkaline, neutralises stomach acid, ensures optimum conditions for enzymes in s.intestine to work
contains salts that break down fats and oils into small droplets
Emulsification
increases surface area of fats and oils to speed up their digestion
Absorption in the small intestine
inside wall is thin with large surface area
absorption happens quickly and efficiently
lined with villi
increases surface area, more nutrients absorb faster
increases rate of diffusion
lacteals
take away fat from s.i. to ensure there's a difference in concentration
increases rate of diffusion
blood capillaries
take blood to different vessel, ensures there's a concentration gradient
increases rate of diffusion
One cell thick
less distance for nutrients to travel
absorption is quicker
Functional foods
have health-promoting benefits more than basic nutritional value
probiotics
contain bacteria to maintain healthy digestive system
Bifidobacteria
prebiotics
contain added sugars that "feed" bacteria in alimentary canal
Oligosaccharides
Plant stanol esters
come from plant stanols
found naturally in food such as wheat and maize
clinically proven to reduce absorption of cholesterol
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