Approaches and Methods for ESL

COMMUNICATIVE
1. METHODS
  1. SILENT WAY
    1. Teacher Talk
    2. Signals
  2. NATURAL WAY
    1. Comprehensible input
    2. Acceptance of L1
  3. ICB
    1. L2 Development
    2. Integrated content/language
    3. Thematic units across curriculums
  4. SHELTEREd/SIOP
    1. Grade level modified
    2. Scaffolded
    3. Visuals
    4. Cooperative learning
    5. Guarded vocabulary
    6. Language/content objectivves
    7. Standard driven
    8. Echevarria, Vogt, & Short
  5. SUGGESTOPEDIA
    1. Minimal Error Correction
    2. Relaxed setting
    3. Use of L1
2. Focus on language learning via communication
3. Student centered
4. Meaningful acquisition
5. Purposeful
6. ZPD
  1. Vygotsky
7. Rooted in Constructivism
GRAMMATICAL/GRAMMAR BASED
1. Teacher centered
  1. Memorize language rules and sentence patterns
    1. Originally used in Greek and Latin Instruction
      1. Fixed or staged
2. METHODS
  1. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION
    1. Holistic approach to grammar
      1. Develops reading, writing, and grammar
  2. DIRECT
    1. Total Immersion in L2
    2. Open ended responses
    3. No use of L1
  3. AUDIOLINGUAL
    1. Minimal use of L1
    2. Stresses error correction
    3. Repetition/drills
    4. Grammar taught carefully/sequenced
COGNITIVE
1. CALLA
  1. CALP development in L1 and L2
  2. Prior Knowledge
  3. Cooperative learning
  4. Learning strategy instruction
  5. Content/Language objectives
  6. Chamot and O'Mallley
2. Learner centered
3. Explicit teaching of learning strategies
4. Metacognition
5. Working memory
6. Interaction/guidance driven

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Approaches and Methods for ESL

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