Russian Rulers

Description

Mind Map on Russian Rulers, created by holliepimm on 05/05/2013.
holliepimm
Mind Map by holliepimm, updated more than 1 year ago
holliepimm
Created by holliepimm almost 12 years ago
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Resource summary

Russian Rulers
  1. Alexander II (1855-1881)
    1. Emancipation (1862)
      1. freed the serfs
        1. motives for reform
          1. Crimean War
            1. Alexander's own views
              1. Political considerations
                1. Economic considerations
                2. aims
                  1. prevent uprising from peasants so they do not uprise against the government
                  2. methods
                    1. local nobility supervised the setting up of volosts and mirs
                  3. Military (1862)
                    1. changes
                      1. service reduced from 25 to 15 yrs
                        1. conscription open to all classes
                          1. punishments less severe
                            1. service no longer a punishment
                            2. Positives of reform
                              1. smaller better trained army
                                1. reduced government expenditure
                                  1. literacy improved due to mass army education campaigns
                                  2. Negatives of reform
                                    1. officer class still aristicrats
                                      1. still peasant conscript army
                                    2. Zemstva (1864)
                                      1. democracy to local gov.
                                        1. system of elected councils
                                          1. nobility dominated
                                            1. education and build roads
                                              1. spread slowly
                                              2. judicial reforms
                                                1. changes
                                                  1. courts for all classes
                                                    1. open to public
                                                      1. better training for judges
                                                        1. Volost courts set up
                                                          1. more westernised- open courts
                                                          2. limitations
                                                            1. lawyers could criticsie
                                                              1. peasants treated differently
                                                            2. Education
                                                              1. changes
                                                                1. church not in charge
                                                                  1. unis could govern themselves
                                                                    1. schools open to all
                                                                      1. no. of students at unis 3600 to 10000 by 1870s
                                                                    2. Church
                                                                      1. relaxation in Poland on Catholicism
                                                                        1. Jews had some relaxation of law curtailing them
                                                                        2. Censorship 1865
                                                                          1. 1865 new codification of regulations
                                                                            1. foreign publications could be sold
                                                                              1. 1865 print editions with comment on gov policy
                                                                              2. Economic
                                                                                1. Reutern minister of finance
                                                                                  1. staple industries expanded
                                                                                    1. railway increased
                                                                                      1. 3532-22498 km
                                                                                  2. Alexander III (1881-1894)
                                                                                    1. Statute
                                                                                      1. interfere with civil liberties
                                                                                        1. set up military police courts
                                                                                          1. banned extensive powers of the police
                                                                                            1. convict anyone suspected of political crimes
                                                                                            2. Land captains
                                                                                              1. control over peasants and Zemstva
                                                                                                1. stopped development of self government
                                                                                                  1. caused zemstva to act slowly
                                                                                                  2. Education
                                                                                                    1. 1886 all courses for women closed
                                                                                                      1. peas. and workers no school
                                                                                                        1. increase in fees to exclude poor
                                                                                                          1. 1897 only 21% of pop. literate
                                                                                                          2. Religion
                                                                                                            1. orthodoxy encouraged
                                                                                                              1. dissenters not allowed to build new centres of worship
                                                                                                                1. not wear rel. clothes outside church
                                                                                                                  1. dissenters hold religious meetings in house
                                                                                                                    1. priests paid by state
                                                                                                                    2. Social
                                                                                                                      1. 1881 law to end temporary obligation
                                                                                                                        1. redemption payments reduced
                                                                                                                        2. 1883 peasant land bank
                                                                                                                          1. peas. cheap credit to buy land
                                                                                                                        3. Russification
                                                                                                                          1. pure rus
                                                                                                                            1. quell minority groups
                                                                                                                              1. jews targeted through pogroms
                                                                                                                              2. Economic 1881
                                                                                                                                1. abolition of salt tax 1881
                                                                                                                                  1. abolition of poll tax 1886
                                                                                                                                    1. medelev tariff 1891
                                                                                                                                  2. Nicholas II (1894-1917)
                                                                                                                                    1. October Manifesto
                                                                                                                                      1. civil liberties
                                                                                                                                        1. rights of free citizenship
                                                                                                                                          1. introd. of duma
                                                                                                                                            1. limited - N under no obligation to take views of Duma
                                                                                                                                            2. Fundamental laws 1906
                                                                                                                                              1. gained old powers back
                                                                                                                                                1. autocrat. power by divine right
                                                                                                                                                  1. needed his approval for law to come into existence
                                                                                                                                                    1. rule by decree
                                                                                                                                                      1. nicholas had no intention of sharing power
                                                                                                                                                      2. Education reform
                                                                                                                                                        1. fixed salaries
                                                                                                                                                          1. terms of work for teachers
                                                                                                                                                            1. enrolment at sec. schools quadrupled
                                                                                                                                                              1. no.s tripled in higer ed
                                                                                                                                                                1. consequences
                                                                                                                                                                  1. restricted women and jews
                                                                                                                                                                    1. uni dismissed if held socialist views
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Church
                                                                                                                                                                    1. state control of church
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Great Spurt 1894
                                                                                                                                                                      1. coal prod doubled
                                                                                                                                                                        1. iron and steel increased sevenfold
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Railway increased- 29183 to 52612 km 91-99
                                                                                                                                                                            1. foreign capital increased by 120%
                                                                                                                                                                              1. industrial prod increased by 7.5%
                                                                                                                                                                                1. rouble placed on gold standard
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. increase foreign investment
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. 1896 working day to 11 hrs
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 1903 workers insurance system set up
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 1905 bloody sunday
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stolypin
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. wager on the strong
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. modernise agriculture
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. serfs buy out of commune
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. consolidate small strips of land to profit making farms
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 2 million used this
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Provisional Government
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. independent judges
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. trial by jury
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. abolished capital punishment and exile
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. removed restrictions on press
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. free speech
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. political liberties on soldiers
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. abolished discrimination based on class
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. local self gov: elected by secret ballot
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. peasants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. land committees collect info on local land
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. armed forces to repress rural disturbances
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Working classes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. factory committees
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. failed to stop decline in living standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. nationalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. independence of poland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. by lifting restrictions it lost its power to mould public opinon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Lenin (1917-24)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Social
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. 8hr working day
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. social insurance to cover old age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. classless society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. state control over industry and education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. banks nationalised
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. private ownership of land forbidden
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. estates confiscated
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. marriage became civil not religious
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. War communism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. to feed army
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. food rationing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. grain requistioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ban of private trade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. red terror
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. kulaks in cc camps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. priests cc camps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. rich families wiped out
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. NEP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. fixed proportion of crops requisitioned
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. surplus food sold for profit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. small businessman could buy farms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. capitalist to help economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. decree on land
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Stalin (1927-53)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Socialism in one country
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. socialism est. in USSR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. other would wish to follow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Collectivisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. encourage peas increase prod.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. red army confiscated grain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dekulakisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. killed as did not want change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. shot/ sent to camps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. deprived rus. of best farmers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. led to falls in production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 10 million died
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. famine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. 5yr plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. keep up with western powers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. 7 day working week
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. unskilled workers from C.side
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 1940 overtaken britain in iron and steel production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. GNP increase by 6%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. millions died
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. reduced living standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. loss of personal liberties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. centralised
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. 2.5-6.9 million attended sec. school by 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. compulsory up to age of 15 (1530)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. scrapping of fees 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 1940 60% under grads were women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Religion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. eradicate it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. collectivisation- churches closed and priests accused to be capitalist agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. rel. teaching banned
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. jewish schools and synagogues closed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. study of hebrew forbidden
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. muslims banned from practicing islamic law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Khrushchev (1953-64)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Virgin land scheme 1954
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. increase acreage of land
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 96 mil 1950 - 165 mil 1964
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. fall in productivity due to soil erosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. lack of attention to crop rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Policing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. MVD crim cases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. KGB intelligence work
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. political prisoners released and gulags began to dissappear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. free education to all
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Social
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. housing stock doubled
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. housing cooperatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. some people gained more than others
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. people from same work got first pickings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Religion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. campaign against
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. authority of priests limited
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. priests that protested were arrested and imprisoned
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