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72255
Russian Rulers
Description
Mind Map on Russian Rulers, created by holliepimm on 05/05/2013.
Mind Map by
holliepimm
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
holliepimm
almost 12 years ago
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Resource summary
Russian Rulers
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Emancipation (1862)
freed the serfs
motives for reform
Crimean War
Alexander's own views
Political considerations
Economic considerations
aims
prevent uprising from peasants so they do not uprise against the government
methods
local nobility supervised the setting up of volosts and mirs
Military (1862)
changes
service reduced from 25 to 15 yrs
conscription open to all classes
punishments less severe
service no longer a punishment
Positives of reform
smaller better trained army
reduced government expenditure
literacy improved due to mass army education campaigns
Negatives of reform
officer class still aristicrats
still peasant conscript army
Zemstva (1864)
democracy to local gov.
system of elected councils
nobility dominated
education and build roads
spread slowly
judicial reforms
changes
courts for all classes
open to public
better training for judges
Volost courts set up
more westernised- open courts
limitations
lawyers could criticsie
peasants treated differently
Education
changes
church not in charge
unis could govern themselves
schools open to all
no. of students at unis 3600 to 10000 by 1870s
Church
relaxation in Poland on Catholicism
Jews had some relaxation of law curtailing them
Censorship 1865
1865 new codification of regulations
foreign publications could be sold
1865 print editions with comment on gov policy
Economic
Reutern minister of finance
staple industries expanded
railway increased
3532-22498 km
Alexander III (1881-1894)
Statute
interfere with civil liberties
set up military police courts
banned extensive powers of the police
convict anyone suspected of political crimes
Land captains
control over peasants and Zemstva
stopped development of self government
caused zemstva to act slowly
Education
1886 all courses for women closed
peas. and workers no school
increase in fees to exclude poor
1897 only 21% of pop. literate
Religion
orthodoxy encouraged
dissenters not allowed to build new centres of worship
not wear rel. clothes outside church
dissenters hold religious meetings in house
priests paid by state
Social
1881 law to end temporary obligation
redemption payments reduced
1883 peasant land bank
peas. cheap credit to buy land
Russification
pure rus
quell minority groups
jews targeted through pogroms
Economic 1881
abolition of salt tax 1881
abolition of poll tax 1886
medelev tariff 1891
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
October Manifesto
civil liberties
rights of free citizenship
introd. of duma
limited - N under no obligation to take views of Duma
Fundamental laws 1906
gained old powers back
autocrat. power by divine right
needed his approval for law to come into existence
rule by decree
nicholas had no intention of sharing power
Education reform
fixed salaries
terms of work for teachers
enrolment at sec. schools quadrupled
no.s tripled in higer ed
consequences
restricted women and jews
uni dismissed if held socialist views
Church
state control of church
Great Spurt 1894
coal prod doubled
iron and steel increased sevenfold
Railway increased- 29183 to 52612 km 91-99
foreign capital increased by 120%
industrial prod increased by 7.5%
rouble placed on gold standard
increase foreign investment
1896 working day to 11 hrs
1903 workers insurance system set up
1905 bloody sunday
Stolypin
wager on the strong
modernise agriculture
serfs buy out of commune
consolidate small strips of land to profit making farms
2 million used this
Provisional Government
Policies
independent judges
trial by jury
abolished capital punishment and exile
removed restrictions on press
free speech
political liberties on soldiers
abolished discrimination based on class
local self gov: elected by secret ballot
peasants
land committees collect info on local land
armed forces to repress rural disturbances
Working classes
factory committees
failed to stop decline in living standards
nationalities
independence of poland
by lifting restrictions it lost its power to mould public opinon
Lenin (1917-24)
Social
8hr working day
social insurance to cover old age
classless society
state control over industry and education
banks nationalised
private ownership of land forbidden
estates confiscated
marriage became civil not religious
War communism
to feed army
food rationing
grain requistioning
ban of private trade
red terror
kulaks in cc camps
priests cc camps
rich families wiped out
NEP
fixed proportion of crops requisitioned
surplus food sold for profit
small businessman could buy farms
capitalist to help economy
decree on land
Stalin (1927-53)
Socialism in one country
socialism est. in USSR
other would wish to follow
Collectivisation
encourage peas increase prod.
red army confiscated grain
1929
Dekulakisation
killed as did not want change
shot/ sent to camps
deprived rus. of best farmers
led to falls in production
10 million died
famine
5yr plans
keep up with western powers
7 day working week
unskilled workers from C.side
1940 overtaken britain in iron and steel production
GNP increase by 6%
millions died
reduced living standards
loss of personal liberties
Education
centralised
2.5-6.9 million attended sec. school by 1932
compulsory up to age of 15 (1530)
scrapping of fees 1939
1940 60% under grads were women
Religion
eradicate it
collectivisation- churches closed and priests accused to be capitalist agents
rel. teaching banned
jewish schools and synagogues closed
study of hebrew forbidden
muslims banned from practicing islamic law
Khrushchev (1953-64)
Virgin land scheme 1954
increase acreage of land
96 mil 1950 - 165 mil 1964
fall in productivity due to soil erosion
lack of attention to crop rotation
Policing
MVD crim cases
KGB intelligence work
political prisoners released and gulags began to dissappear
free education to all
Social
housing stock doubled
housing cooperatives
some people gained more than others
people from same work got first pickings
Religion
campaign against
authority of priests limited
priests that protested were arrested and imprisoned
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